Building evacuation analysis has recently received increasing attention, as people are keen to assess the safety of occupants. Reports on past disasters indicate that human behavior characterizes evacuation during emergencies. The understanding and modeling of human behavior enable improved design of evacuation plans to better reflect the needs of occupants — for example, to reduce evacuation t...

We study a class of pedestrian evacuation process in rooms without visibility by analytical and simulative methods. First, the moving distance of pedestrians for leaving the rooms is analyzed using the mean and variance theory. A microscopic pedestrian model is then extended to simulate pedestrian evacuation in the rooms. By numerical examples, the distributions of single individual’s evacuatio...

In the decision-making process of city emergency evacuation, due to limited resources and time, and changing situation, it is difficult to make emergency decision accurately and efficiently. Therefore, in this paper, the city emergency evacuation decisionmaking model based on extended OODA loop is constructed. Through task determination and task allocation of emergency evacuation, the emergency...

This paper deals with various aspects of ship evacuation: Guidelines, Simulation, Validation, and Acceptance Criteria. The paper is structured along those aspects. The first chapter deals with general aspects of ship evacuation, like environmental influences, ship motion, the special procedures on board ships, etc. The second chapter covers the guidelines applicable to evacuation analyses for p...

OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of 400 mcg sublingual misoprost as an adjunct to suction evacuation in first trimester pregnancy termination. METHOD(S) During the study period of January2006-June 2007, two hundred twenty-one pregnant women wanting first trimester pregnancy termination were randomised into two groups. In the study group of one hundred twenty-one women, sublingual misopros...

Introduction: Despite Spanish experience in counterterrorism, jihadism means new modus operandi, based on active mass casualty incidents, involving injury patterns as bleeding ones. Therefore, the environment is completely different to first responders' structure. This change forced revision of tactical response model, led by Association for Emergency Medicine's Tactical Care Secretary, who pro...

Grouping behaviour occurs often in crowd evacuation. On the one hand, groups are needed for efficient evacuation. On the other hand, large uncontrolled groups (herds) may cause clogging and increase panic. The mechanisms of emergence of leaders and groups in complex socio-technical systems with intelligent technical components are not well understood. This paper presents the first attempt to un...

This paper presents a stochastic model for emergency evacuation simulation such as for a subway station. The model, MCEVAC was developed using Monte Carlo and a macro-simulation technique; the model includes a number of random variables, such as occupant load, initial occupant load, and pre-evacuation time. A random event of a train fire including fire location, fire growth rate, and the effect...

In this paper, the use of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and its evacuation module, Evac for modelling fire and people evacuation in a road tunnel is illustrated. For given fire scenario and traffic situation in the tunnel, behaviour of individual evacuees as well as groups of evacuees is analyzed in order to demonstrate the impact of fire on people evacuation. Some specific features of the use ...

We introduce an open-source software Aamks for fire risk assessment. This article focuses on a component of Aamks – an evacuation simulator named a-evac. A-evac models evacuation of humans in the fire environment produced by CFAST fire simulator. In the article we discuss the probabilistic evacuation approach, automatic planning of exit routes, the interactions amongst the moving evacuees and t...