Male-sterile, female-fertile plants were used to produce hybrid soybean seed. Manual cross-pollination using male-sterile plants to produce large quantities of hybrid seed is difficult and time-consuming because of the low success rate in cross-pollination. Insect pollinators may be suitable vectors to transfer pollen, but the most suitable vector for pollen transfer from the male parent to the...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flexistyly is a sexual dimorphism where there are two morphs that differ in the temporal expression of sexual function and also involve reciprocal movement of the stigmatic surface through a vertical axis during the flowering period. The adaptive significance of flexistyly has been interpreted as a floral mechanism for outcrossing, but it may also function to reduce sexual i...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abiotic pollination by wind or water is well established in flowering plants. In some species pollination by rain splashes, a condition known as ombrophily, has been proposed as a floral strategy. However, evidence for this type of abiotic pollination has remained controversial and many reported cases have subsequently been shown to be false. This study investigates ombrophi...

in order to study stigma receptivity in peach cultivars : (‘makhmali’, ‘anjiri-ye-tabestane’, ‘anjiri-ye maleki’, ‘haj-kazemi’ and ’zoodras’) controlled pollination was done in both field and laboratory conditions. before pollination trials the in vitro germination of the pollen was tested in petridish. branches with adequate number of flowers were chosen for controlled pollination. self pollin...

Global optimization methods play an important role to solve many real-world problems. Flower pollination algorithm (FP) is a new nature-inspired algorithm, based on the characteristics of flowering plants. In this paper, a new hybrid optimization method called hybrid flower pollination algorithm (FPPSO) is proposed. The method combines the standard flower pollination algorithm (FP) with the par...

The transfer of herbicide resistance genes by pollen is a major concern in cross-pollinated species such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). A two-year study was conducted in the greenhouse, under favorable conditions for pollination, to generate information on potential maximum cross-pollination. This maximum cross-pollination rate was 56.1%. A three-year field trial was also conducted to stu...

The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is...

The pollination biology of the cactus Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum was studied in a tropical location in western Mexico (ca. 18° N latitude) to compare with data from a northern population (ca. 28° N latitude). Throughout this range, the nectar-feeding bat Leptonycteris curasoae is resident within the tropics but migratory in its northern range. The hypothesis was tested that if a predictable ...

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus [L.] G. Don), an important medicinal plant, is an allogamous species in which the stigma is below the anthers. The receptive portion is at the base of the stigmatic head and thus automatic intra-flower self-pollination is excluded. The structure of the flower is of typical reverse herkogamy and pollination occurs through nectar-seeking insects. A few self-pollina...

In diverse pollinator communities, interspecific interactions may modify the behaviour and increase the pollination effectiveness of individual species. Because agricultural production reliant on pollination is growing, improving pollination effectiveness could increase crop yield without any increase in agricultural intensity or area. In California almond, a crop highly dependent on honey bee ...