PURPOSE Marginal grafts should be used more actively in Asian countries where deceased donor transplantation is unpopular. We modified a quantitative donor scoring system proposed by Nyberg and his colleagues and developed a donor scoring system in order to assess the quality of deceased donor grafts and their prognostic value as an initial effort to promote usage of marginal donors. MATERIAL...

We introduce an algorithm, based on the Frank-Wolfe technique (conditional gradient), for performing marginal inference in undirected graphical models by repeatedly performing MAP inference. It minimizes standard Bethe-style convex variational objectives for inference, leverages known MAP algorithms as black boxes, and offers a principled means to construct sparse approximate marginals for high...

According to the authors, time-modified confounding occurs when the causal relation between a time-fixed or time-varying confounder and the treatment or outcome changes over time. A key difference between previously described time-varying confounding and the proposed time-modified confounding is that, in the former, the values of the confounding variable change over time while, in the latter, t...

This paper studies the role of family size in the design of optimal income taxation. We consider a second best setting where the government observes the number of children and the income of the parents but not their productivity. With a linear tax schedule the marginal tax rate is shown to decrease with the number of children, while the relationship between the demogrant and family size appears...

This paper analyzes conservation and extinction of renewable resources when the production function is nonconcave and the return function depends on consumption and the resource stock. The paper focuses on the efficiency of global conservation, a safe standard of conservation, and extinction. Which outcome obtains depends on the marginal rate of substitution between investment and the stock in ...

Time perception is critical to animal behaviours requiring anticipation of future events based on present information about the environment. Most models of animal foraging assume that animals are capable of measuring absolute time despite evidence that animals measure time with predictable biases in mean and variance. We incorporate the evidence for a rate-biased subjective time perception into...

where u ∼ N(0, G) and 2 ∼ N(0, R) with u and 2 independent. This model can be interpreted as Y |β, u ∼ N(Xβ+Zu,R), u ∼ N(0, G), yielding (on integrating out u) the marginal model Y |β ∼ N(Xβ,ZGZ + R). Let V = ZGZ + R. Then the maximum penalized likelihood estimates of β and u given G and R are given by θ̂ = [ β̂ û ] = (CTR−1C + B)−1CTR−1y (A.2) where C = [X Z] and B is the block diagonal matrix w...

Longitudinal studies, where data are repeatedly collected on one subject over a period, are common in medical research. When effect of a time-varying exposure on an outcome of interest is measured at different time points, standard statistical methods fail to give robust estimate in the presence of time-dependent confounders. There is alternative method avoid, that is, inverse probability weigh...

A concept known as ‘marginal gains’, an approach to performance improvement in elite sport came to prominence during the London 2012 Olympics when Team GB cycling won a record eight gold medals. Since National Lottery funding was awarded in 1997 to develop British cycling, the ethos of making aggregated small gains in many areas to improve overall performance has been central to its success. Th...

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