Laser beam propagation in maritime environment is particularly challenging, not only for scattering and absorption due to high humidity, but also for a different behavior of atmospheric turbulence with respect to terrestrial propagation. Recently, a new power spectrum for the fluctuations of the refractive index in the Earth’s atmosphere has been introduced to describe maritime atmospheric turb...

Maritime search and rescue (MSRIn the maritime publications, the abbreviation for search and rescue is also SAR. Here we use MSR to distinguish it from the abbreviation for Synthetic Aperture Radar.) became an enormous task with the vast growth of marine transportation and other marine activities. In the year of 2006, the MSR centers and maritime authorities in China organized and coordinated 1...

Maritime domain security relies on the ability to build a comprehensive awareness of maritime activity. Although it is still in the developmental stages situational awareness is the prerequisite of maritime domain security. Today technological developments such as space‐based systems, over‐the‐horizon radar, and near‐ shore and harbour acoustics can be incorporated into...

The existence and enforcement of legal regulations is imperative of maritime navigation. All legal regulations relating to maritime security and whose goal is securing the safety at sea, can be divided to regulations relating to navigable vessels, regulations relating to cargo carried by ships; regulations governing maintenance of waterways; regulations relating to human factor (regulations con...

After removing annual variability, power spectral analyses of local atmospheric temperature from hundreds of stations and ice core records have been carried out from time scales of 10 2 to 106 yr. A clear sequence of power-law behaviors is found as follows: (1) from 40 ka to 1 Ma a flat spectrum is observed; (2) from 2 ka to 40 ka the spectrum is proportional to f 2 where f is the frequency; an...

The present paper argues that the ‘non-aggravation of disputes’ is a fundamental principle international law. Evidence non-aggravation disputes as law has long existed in work qualified publicists and numerous multilateral treaties with dispute settlement provisions, including UN Convention on Law Sea. International courts tribunals have indicated measures’ to preserve subject matter rights eit...

when any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril, the property (ship and cargoes) involved in a common maritime adventure, the interests saved , are required to make contributions in general average to the owner of lost or damaged property . general average rules originates from ancien...