BACKGROUND The patient's head can be slightly rotated sagitally vertically or transversely within the head holding device. Because of such improper positions due to the head rotation, an error can occur in cephalometric measurements. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential projection errors of lateral cephalometric radiograph due to head rotation toward X-ray film in the vertica...

For some time it has been known that the standard method for collecting link-traffic measurements in IP networks — the Simple Network Management Protocol or SNMP— is flawed. It has oft been noted that SNMP is subject to missing data, and that its measurements contain errors. However, very little work has been aimed at assessing the magnitude of these errors. This paper develops a simple, easily...

In science generally, the analysis of the errors inherent in continuous-scaled measurements of quantities is well developed, and numerous textbooks are available (e.g., Taylor, 1982). It is possible, for example, to predict the errors that result when individual measurements are combined arithmetically, based on differentiation of the combination equation with respect to the measurements, and b...

Keywords: geometric matching, aircraft tracks, systematic errors of radars A problem of processing the measurements from air surveillance radars is considered. The measurements are provided by observation of air traffic. This processing aims at matching the tracks of aircrafts obtained by various radars and estimation of their systematic errors. The error estimates are built in the form of a " ...

[1] The definition and quantification of uncertainty depend on the error model used. For uncertainties in precipitation measurements, two types of error models have been widely adopted: the additive error model and the multiplicative error model. This leads to incompatible specifications of uncertainties and impedes intercomparison and application. In this letter, we assess the suitability of b...

In practical applications, however, one is often confronted with the problem that the measurement errors which are quoted define a 68% confidence level interval around a Maximum Likelihood estimate, whereas one would need an unbiased estimator with its standard deviation in order to form a weighted average. In addition, one usually has to deal with statistical and systematic uncertainties, and ...

Halothane, independent of oxygen tension, increased the signal of the gold/silver-silver chloride microelectrode. The output of microelectrodes at different oxygen tensions in the presence of increasing amounts of halothane has been measured. Halothane causes an increase in the electrode signal which is proportional to its concentration. This effect results from the polarographic reduction of h...