treated, and the hospital served the clinical purposes of the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum. The Charite became an exemplar in Germany, and by the nineteenth century had high standing, with such notables as Virchow, Henle, von Helmholtz, Du Bois Reymond, and Koch becoming associated with it. With its Marxist approach this little history includes more social and political history than would be th...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of an ultrasonic device in apical surgery on the outcome of treatment. STUDY DESIGN A randomized prospective design was used in a standardized treatment protocol. Patients were allocated to treatment with an ultrasonic device (P-Max Newtron) or treatment with a bur in an otherwise similar protocol. One year after treatm...