Transcripts for the beta2 and the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits are found throughout the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. These two beta subunits can form heteromultimeric channels with any of the alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, or alpha5 subunits in heterologous expression systems. Nonetheless, the subunit composition of native nAChRs and the role of different nAChR sub...

Two kinds of elimination disorders can be associated with Vesico Ureteral Reflux (VUR): pure bladder elimination disorders or combination of bladder and bowel elimination disorders. An elimination disorder is always a factor which worsens the prognosis of VUR, as it increases the risk of infectious complications and thus presents a threat for the upper urinary tract. Regarding pure bladder elim...

BACKGROUND Prune belly syndrome is a rare congenital malformation of unknown aetiology and is characterised by abnormalities of the urinary tract, a deficiency of abdominal musculature and bilateral cryptorchidism in males. We report a case of prune belly syndrome from Papua New Guinea, which was suspected on pregnancy ultrasound scan and confirmed upon delivery. CASE PRESENTATION A 26-year-o...

There is extensive evidence that effective screening for major chromosomal abnormalities can be provided in the first trimester of pregnancy. Prospective studies in a total of 200,868 pregnancies, including 871 fetuses with trisomy 21, have demonstrated that increased nuchal translucency can identify 76.8% of fetuses with trisomy 21, which represents a false-positive rate of 4.2%. When fetal nu...

DESCRIPTION A baby boy born at 31 weeks gestational age, had mild respiratory distress following birth that required continuous positive airway pressure. Antenatal scan at 20 weeks did not report any fetal anomalies and demonstrated normal liquor volume; no further antenatal ultrasound scans were carried out until delivery. Postnatal physical examination demonstrated some fullness on palpation ...

EDITOR—Homeobox (Hox) gene products are characterised by the presence of a highly conserved 20 amino acid region (homeodomain) known to bind specific DNA sequences. They promote the expression of downstream genes, thus controlling morphogenesis and cell diVerentiation in the developing embryo. Hox11l1 is also named Ncx, 3 Enx, pmur10f, and reported as Tlx-2 in the Mouse Genome Database (MGD, ht...

Renal pelvic dilation refers to excessive of the fetal intrarenal collecting system. Although a different terminology is used, pelviectasis or pyelectasis most often mild dilation, and hydronephrosis reserved for severe cases that are more likely be clinically significant. Normal measurements anteroposterior renal pelvis diameter <4 mm at 16 27 weeks gestation <7 ≥28 gestation.1Odibo A.O. March...