Xamoterol, a partial β(1)-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been reported to impair the retrieval of hippocampus-dependent spatial reference memory in rats. In contrast, xamoterol restores memory retrieval in gene-targeted mice lacking norepinephrine (NE) and in a transgenic mouse model of Down syndrome in which NE levels are reduced. Restoration of retrieval by xamoterol in these two models com...

introduction: previous studies have demonstrated that the &beta-adrenergic; receptor antagonist propranolol impairs fear memory reconsolidation in experimental animals. there are experimental parameters such as the age and the strength of memory that can interact with pharmacological manipulations of memory reconsolidation. in this study, we investigated the ability of the age and the strength ...

Knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in memory retrieval is limited due to the lack of tools to study this stage of the memory process. Here we report that exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) play a surprisingly specific role in memory retrieval. Intrahippocampal injection of the Epac activator 8-pCPT-2'O-Me-cAMP was shown to improve fear memory retrieval in contextual fear con...

Memory retrieval has been considered as requisite to initiate memory reconsolidation; however, some studies indicate that blocking retrieval does not prevent memory from undergoing reconsolidation. Since N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors in the perirhinal cortex have been involved in object recognition memory formatio...

Attenuating the strength of fearful memories could benefit people disabled by memories of past trauma. Pavlovian conditioning experiments indicate that a retrieval cue can return a conditioned aversive memory to a labile state. However, means to enhance retrieval and render a memory more labile are unknown. We hypothesized that augmenting synaptic signaling during retrieval would increase memor...

Retrieval orientations are memory states that bias retrieval towards specific memory contents. Many neuroimaging studies have examined the influence of retrieval orientations on stimulus processing, but very little direct evidence exists regarding the ongoing maintenance of orientations themselves. Participants completed two memory tasks with different retrieval goals. ERPs were time-locked to ...

In this study, we evaluate the conceptualization of encoding and retrieval processes established in previous studies that used a divided attention (DA) paradigm. These studies indicated that there were considerable detrimental effects of DA at encoding on later memory performance, but only minimal effects, if any, on divided attention at retrieval. We suggest that this asymmetry in the effects ...

Synaptic modification supporting memory formation is thought to depend on gene expression and protein synthesis. Disrupting either process around the time of learning prevents the formation of long-term memory. Recent evidence suggests that memory also becomes susceptible to disruption upon retrieval. Whether or not the molecular events involved in the formation of new memory are the same as wh...

Declarative memory is known to depend on the medial temporal lobe memory system. Recently, there has been renewed focus on the relationship between the basal ganglia and declarative memory, including the involvement of striatum. However, the contribution of striatum to declarative memory retrieval remains unknown. Here, we review neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence for the involvement ...

Data are reviewed from positron emission tomography studies of encoding and retrieval processes in episodic memory. These data suggest a hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry model of prefrontal involvement in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. According to this model, the left and right prefrontal lobes are part of an extensive neuronal network that subserves episodic remembering, b...