purpose: to compare the effect of different deviation measurement techniques and different lens powers on gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation (ac/a) ratio. methods: we randomly selected 78 eligible students of different majors from zahedan university of medical sciences. following retinoscopy for refractive errors, alternate prism cover test, von graefe and maddox rod without ad...

BACKGROUND Scoliosis is a serious disease in which a human spine is abnormally deformed in three dimensions with vertebral rotation. Surgical treatment is attained when the scoliotic spine is corrected into its normal shape by implant rods and screws fixed into the vertebrae. The three-dimensional corrective forces acting at the screws deformed the implant rod during the surgical treatment of s...

We have investigated the time course of rod photoreceptor determination in the goldfish retina. Rod precursor cells located in the outer nuclear layer of the mature retina continuously generate rod photoreceptors. In this study, we asked when rod precursor cells begin to express opsin, which would signal their commitment to the rod pathway of differentiation. There are three possibilities: a ro...

The phycobilisome light-harvesting antenna in cyanobacteria and red algae is assembled from two substructures: a central core composed of allophycocyanin surrounded by rods that always contain phycocyanin (PC). Unpigmented proteins called linkers are also found within the rods and core. We present here two new structures of PC from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus. W...

Abstract. A new approach of the Polarity Effect in connection to the Corona Current and the Ground Effect in small rod-plate and rod-rod air gaps is presented. The influence of the polarity of the applied voltage to the corona onset voltage or the breakdown voltage of small rod-plate and rod-rod air gaps is investigated. The influence of the grounding of one of the electrodes, to the field dist...

BACKGROUND Screw-rod constructs have been widely used to correct spinal deformities, but the effects of different screw-rod systems on anti-rotational torque have not been determined. This study aimed to analyze the biomechanical effect of different rod-screw constructs on anti-rotational torque. METHODS Three conventional spinal screw-rod systems (Legacy, RF-F-10 and USSII) were used to test...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to report the comparative results of thoracoscopic correction achieved via cantilever technique using a 4.5 mm thin rod and the poly-axial reduction screw technique using a 5.5 mm thick rod in Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiographic data, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) patient-based outcome questionnaires, a...

Microglia are the resident phagocytic cells with various functions in the central nervous system, and the morphologies of microglia imply the different stages and functions. In optical nerve transection (ONT) model in the retina, the retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) induces microglial activations to a unique morphology termed "rod" microglia. A few studies described the ...

We have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the relative timing of the terminal mitosis and the onset of rhodopsin expression in rod precursors in the rat retina in vivo. This analysis demonstrated that there are two distinct phases of rod development during retinal histogenesis. For the majority of rod precursors, those born on or after embryonic day 19 (E19), the onset of rhodopsin expressi...