OBJECTIVE To investigate the laterality of the normal asymmetry of the human face, examining differences in laterality in relation to sex, growth stage, and skeletal classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1800 Japanese subjects (651 males and 1149 females; mean age, 15 years 3 months; range, 4 years 2 months to 59 years 11 months) were selected. Individuals in the sample were catego...

26 Each half of the medulla contains respiratory neurons which compose two 27 generators that control respiratory rhythm. One generator consists of the inspiratory 28 neurons in the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC); the other of the preinspiratory (Pre-I) 29 neurons in parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) rostral to the preBötC. We investigated 30 the contribution of the commissural fibers connect...

BACKGROUND Clinicians' expanding use of cosmetic restorative procedures has generated greater interest in the determination of esthetic guidelines and standards. The overall esthetic impact of a smile can be divided into four specific areas: gingival esthetics, facial esthetics, microesthetics and macroesthetics. In this article, the authors focus on the principles of macroesthetics, which repr...

Each half of the medulla contains respiratory neurons that constitute two generators that control respiratory rhythm. One generator consists of the inspiratory neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC); the other, the pre-inspiratory (Pre-I) neurons in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), rostral to the preBötC. We investigated the contribution of the commissural fibers, connecting the...

The autosomal recessive immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome (ICF) is characterized by immunodeficiency, developmental delay, and facial anomalies. ICF2, caused by biallelic ZBTB24 gene mutations, is acknowledged primarily as an isolated B-cell defect. Here, we extend the phenotype spectrum by describing, in particular, for the first time the development of a combi...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The importance of the midline is well known to dentists. Currently, there are no verifiable guidelines that direct the choice of specific anatomic landmarks to determine the midline of the face or midline of the mouth. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchy of facial anatomic landmarks closest to the midline of the face as well as midline of the ...

Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome) is a rare syndrome comprising developmental anomalies of tissues and organs of mesoectodermal origin. As a result, there are abnormalities of the eyes, skin, oral structures, musculoskeletal system and central nervous system. This article describes the case of a four-year-old female with focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) who displayed many of the oral featur...

Mutations in chromosome-helicase-DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7) are identified as the main cause for CHARGE syndrome (coloboma, heart anomaly, choanal atresia, retardation, genital and ear anomalies). Most patients (55% to 85%) with CHARGE syndrome display developmental defects in the central nervous system (CNS), of which pathology and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we repor...