Dynorphins (dyn) are a major class of endogenous opioid peptides that modulate the functions of immune cells. However, the effects of dyn on the immune functions of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) have not been well characterized. Because nitric oxide (NO) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced by glial cells are involved in various phy...

Glial cells play a role in many important processes, though the mechanisms through which they affect neighboring are not fully known. Insights may be gained by selectively activating glial cell populations intact organisms utilizing activatable channel proteins rhodopsin (ChR2XXL) and TRPA1. Here, impacts of glial-specific expression these channels were examined both larval adult Drosophila. Th...

In Drosophila, cell-fate determination of all neuroectoderm-derived glial cells depends on the transcription factor Glial cells missing (GCM), which serves as a binary switch between the neuronal and glial cell fates. Because the expression of GCM is restricted to the early phase of glial development, other factors must be responsible for the terminal differentiation of glial cells. Expression ...

The reaction between reducing sugars and protein free amines, known as the Maillar reaction results in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). AGE modification changes the structure of proteins to amyloid cross-beta structure. These protein structures can activate receptors known as RAGE on glial cells (microglia and astrocytes), and induce the expression of inducible nitric oxi...

3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-(±)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), a primary metabolite of MDMA, are phenylethylamine derivatives that cause serotonergic neurotoxicity. Although several phenylethylamine derivatives activate microglia, little is known about the effects of MDMA on glial cells, and evidence of MDMA-induced microglial activation remains ambiguous. We initiall...

Spironolactone has produced beneficial effects in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of this agent on neurons and glia are mostly unknown. Therefore, we aimed to show the effects of spironolactone and fludrocortisone, a mineralocorticosteroid receptor agonist, on neuronal and glial toxicity induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activation and chlor...

Brain tumours are masses of abnormal cells that can grow in an uncontrolled way the brain. There different types malignant brain tumours. Gliomas from glial and identified as astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma. We study a mathematical model describes glia-neuron interaction, glioma, chemotherapeutic agent. In this work, we consider drug sensitive resistant glioma cells. show continuous ...