Femtocell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. It connects to the service provider’s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable) current designs typically support 2 to 4 active mobile phones in a residential setting, and 8 to 16 active mobile phones in a enterprise settings. In this paper, we focus on how received signal quality can be impro...

Over the last decade, detrimental effects of human exposure to electromagnetic radiations have received widespread attention. Communications and Information Technology Commission (CITC) in Saudi Arabia has set guidelines and launched a national project—in collaboration with academic and research institutions—to perform measurements of the “electromagnetic fields” (EMFs) radiated from base stati...

mobile phones are two-way radios that emit electromagnetic radiation in microwave range. as the number of mobile phone users has reached 6 billion, the bioeffects of exposure to mobile phone radiation and mobile phone electromagnetic interference with electronic equipment have received more attention, globally. as self-monitoring of blood glucose can be a beneficial part of diabetes control, ho...

A possible effect of long-term exposure to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone (GSM) base stations on the number of House Sparrows during the breeding season was studied in six residential districts in Belgium. We sampled 150 point locations within the 6 areas to examine small-scale geographic variation in the number of House Sparrow males and the strength of electromagnet...

The power management of ICT systems, that is, data processing (Dp) and telecommunication (Tlc) systems, is becoming a relevant problem in economical terms. Dp systems totalize millions of servers and associated subsystems (processors, monitors, storage devices, etc.) all over the world that need to be electrically powered. Dp systems are also used in the government of Tlc systems, which, beside...

As a tendency to use new technologies, gadgets such as laptop computers are becoming more popular among students, teachers, businessmen and office workers. Today laptops are a great tool for education and learning, work and personal multimedia. Millions of men, especially those in the reproductive age, are frequently using their laptop computers on the lap (thigh). Over the past several years, ...

An overview of research activity in the area of powering base station sites by means of renewable energy sources is given. It is shown that mobile network operators express significant interest for powering remote base stations using renewable energy sources. This is because a significant percentage of remote base station sites on the global level are still diesel powered due to lack of connect...

Mobile Backbone Wireless Networks (MBWN) [10] are wireless networks in which the base stations are mobile. Our strategy is the following: mobile nodes are dynamically grouped into clusters of bounded radius. In the very large wireless networks we deal with we deal with, several hundreds of clusters may be generated. Clustering makes use of a two dimensional Euclidean version of the Antipole Tre...

today, mobile phone as one of manifestations of new communication technology plays an important role in human individual and social life and it is included an inseparable part in their daily relations so that we can claim that life is impossible without it for many of people or at least it doesn't have any desirability. the influence of mobile phone applications in life different matters, ...

In traditional cellular systems with xed base stations the channel reuse pattern is static and deterministic. When the cell layout is dynamic, due to the mobility of base stations, the cluster of cells within co-channel interference range changes with time. Consequently, the channel reuse pattern is highly dynamic. Moreover, base stations also need wireless channels to communicate amongst thems...