Vaccines were first introduced more than 200 years ago and have since played a key role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. Many of the safest and most effective vaccines in use today are based on attenuated live viruses, as they mimic a live infection without causing disease. However, it is not always practical to take this approach, such as when it may n...

INtroDuctIoN Of the 25.8 million Americans with type-2 diabetes mellitus, 7 million of these individuals are unaware that they have the disease. Medical costs are 2.3 times higher in patients with diabetes, with health care expenditures exceeding $174 billion annually.1 Complications include kidney failure, nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation, blindness, heart disease, and stroke. Type-2 di...

many food products are perishable by nature and require protection from spoilage during their preparation, storage and distribution to give them desired shelf-life. because food products are now often sold in areas of the world far distant from their production sites, the need for extended safe shelf-life for these products has also expanded. currently, there is a strong debate about the safety...