Site-specific covalent modification of RNA is important for enabling structure–function studies. For example, probes such as fluorescein are commonly used in fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) investigations of RNA folding. Biotin is used for immobilization during single-molecule analysis, to enable RNA–protein cross-linking studies, and as a key element of selection schemes in vitro....

Identifying the direct protein targets of a bioactive small molecule gives insight into the compound’s mechanism of action, its efficacy, and possible toxicity. Target identification is becoming an increasingly important part of the drugdevelopment process. However, given the transient and heterogeneous nature of interactions between small molecules and proteins, this step is often difficult, g...

The first demonstration that macromolecules could be evolved in a test tube was reported twenty-five years ago. That breakthrough meant that billions of years of chance discovery and refinement could be compressed into a few weeks, and provided a powerful tool that now dominates all aspects of protein engineering. A challenge has been to extend this scientific advance into synthetic chemical sp...

This paper presents a method for massively parallel learning of part-of-speech disambiguation based on a minmax modular neural network model. The method has three main steps. Firstly, a large-scale tagging problem is decomposed into a number of relatively smaller and simpler subproblems according to the class relations among a given training corpus. Secondly, all of the subproblems are learned ...

Social tagging on online portals has become a trend now. It has emerged as one of the best ways of associating metadata with web objects. With the increase in the kinds of web objects becoming available, collaborative tagging of such objects is also developing along new dimensions. This popularity has led to a vast literature on social tagging. In this survey paper, we would like to summarize d...

The electronic learner corpus of student texts in German, the PACT, contains parts-of-speech (POS) tagging. This markup is performed automatically using RFTagger. Since are written by students, they may contain various kinds errors: grammatical, spelling, stylistic, and others. Sentences be formulated incorrectly, without taking into account rules language accepted norms. can affect work progra...

The history and development of Uyghur language is introduced. After a brief introduction to the development of Uyghur words, morphology and syntax, we explain our developing of a computer-aided contemporary Uyghur language tagging system. The coverage of this corpus, the resources building, the rules for syncopating and tagging etyma and termination, and the tagging of a corpus using a small ta...

In this paper we present a Two-Phase LMR-RC Tagging scheme to perform Chinese word segmentation. In the Regular Tagging phase, Chinese sentences are processed similar to the original LMR Tagging. Tagged sentences are then passed to the Correctional Tagging phase, in which the sentences are re-tagged using extra information from the first round tagging results. Two training methods, Separated Mo...

One of the recent Web developments has focused on the opportunities it presents for social tagging through user participation and collaboration. As a result, social tagging has changed the traditional online communication process. The interpretation of tagging between humans and machines may create new problems if essential questions about how social tagging corresponds to online communications...

One of the recent web developments has focused on the opportunities it presents for social tagging through user participation and collaboration. As a result, social tagging has changed the traditional online communication process. The interpretation of tagging between humans and machines may create new problems if essential questions about how social tagging corresponds to online communications...