Closed monopolies in graphs have a quite long range of applications in several problems related to overcoming failures, since they frequently have some common approaches around the notion of majorities, for instance to consensus problems, diagnosis problems or voting systems. We introduce here open k-monopolies in graphs which are closely related to different parameters in graphs. Given a graph...

This paper studies the demonopolization process of granted monopolies. A demonopolization process may have different origins such as changes in the policy of a government or a regulator, or new invention or innovation competing with existing patented ones. The demonopolization of the market represents a threat for the granted monopolist and is a relevant source of risk. In the existing real opt...

Intellectual property law and antitrust policy interact in several important ways. Antitrust policy can shape the nature and value of intellectual property rights by placing restrictions on the acquisition of intellectual property, refusals to deal, and the terms adopted in licensing agreements. Moreover, antitrust policy affects the nature of product-market competition, which in turn affects t...

In deregulated industries former monopolies often adopt asymmetric behaviors: these firms impede the entry of foreign competitors in their home market, especially using defensive political strategies, and, at the same time, aggressively develop international strategies in foreign markets. To account for this behavior, I develop a game theoretic model involving three players: the former monopoly...

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has a monopoly on the provision of climate policy advice at the international level and a strong market position in national policy advice. This may have been the intention of the founders of the IPCC. I argue that the IPCC has a natural monopoly, as a new entrant would have to invest time and effort over a longer period to perhaps match the reputat...

For many years the national alcohol policies of Nordic countries have been an important foundation for efforts to reduce per capita alcohol consumption and associated alcohol harm, including establishing production, import, and retail monopolies in four of the Nordic Countries, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, and Norway. The membership of Finland and Sweden as well as the economic treaty agreement of...

NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS VOL . 25 . 2008 . 2 Introduction Since the early 1980s, national regulation of markets in Europe has been transformed. Noticeable among the changes have been the privatization of state industries, new rules ending monopolies and an increased role for the EU (Thatcher 2002; Smith 2005). For example, monopolies on telecommunication, transport, energy, televisio...

KOIKE, K., OHNUKI, T., OHKUDA, K., NITTA, S. and NAKADA, T. Branching Architecture of Canine Pulmonary Arteries. A Quantitative Cast Study. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1986, 149 (3), 293-305 The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the branching pattern of pulmonary artery. The excised right lower lobes of six mongrel dogs were fixed by perfusion with 1.2% glutaraldehyde solution. Pressure of t...