Background: Small photon fields are increasingly used in modern radiotherapy especially in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatments. Accurate beam profile and central axis depth doses measurements of such beams are complicated due to the electron disequilibrium. Hence the EBT2 (external beam therapy) Gafchromic film was used for dosimetry of sm...

Introduction: In recent decades, several Monte Carlo codes have been introduced for research and medical applications. These methods provide both accurate and detailed calculation of particle transport from linear accelerators. The main drawback of Monte Carlo techniques is the extremely long computing time that is required in order to obtain a dose distribution with good statistical accuracy. ...

Introduction: One of the main concerns in administration of radiotracers, especially in therapeutic arm, is the amount of delivered dose to the different organs. Individual variations of anatomy, physiology and underlying pathology in the patients lead to alteration of administered activity. In the current study we preclinically applied internal dosimetry using an animal mod...

medicinal chemistry depends on many other disciplines ranging from organic chemistry andpharmacology to computational chemistry. typically medicinal chemists use the moststraightforward ways to prepare compounds. the validation of any design project comes from thebiological testing.studies of the binding site of vinblastine by a single cross—linking experiment identified it asbeing between resi...

in this paper, an interval approach is presented to achieve perfect selectivity and maximum sensitivity in distance relay zones, considering uncertainties. for this purpose, first, the uncertainties affecting the settings of the three zones of a distance relay are discussed. then, by using the monte-carlo simulation, the uncertainties are modelled and the impedances seen by the distance relay a...

background: gold nanoparticles (gnps) have been shown as a good radiosensitizer. in combination with radiotherapy, several studies with orthovoltage x-rays have shown considerable dose enhancement effects. this paper reports the dose enhancement factor (def) due to gnps in 18 megavoltage (mv) beams. materials and methods: different geometrical 50-nm gnps configurations at a concentration of 5 m...