Exploratory learning before instruction can benefit understanding, but can also be challenging. Individual differences in response to challenge, such as achievement motivation, may therefore moderate the benefits of exploratory learning. Higher mastery orientation generally leads to increased effort in response to challenge, whereas higher performance orientation leads to withdrawal. Children (...

Although many think campaign donations buy influence from legislators, scholars have difficulty determining whether and how much influence contributions have in the legislative process. Many studies seek to identify the influence of donors on roll call votes. After considerable debate most scholars have concluded that donors have little influence on these votes. What voting studies cannot detec...

The purpose of the study is to analyse effects having an adult learner in a language class. was conducted university Preparatory Class (EPC) and carried out with 4 EPC instructors, 5 students 1 (AL). instructors’ ages are between 36-49 their teaching experiences from 10 years 24., students’ 19-21 42 has PhD education. research designed using convenience purposive sampling approach. data collect...

Matching and Challenge Gifts to Charity: Evidence from Laboratory and Natural Field Experiments This study designs a natural field experiment linked to a controlled laboratory experiment to examine the effectiveness of matching gifts and challenge gifts, two popular strategies used to secure a portion of the $200 billion annually given to charities. We find evidence that challenge gifts positiv...

Businesses and green activists seek to influence public attention to the social impacts of a sector—they play salience games. An activist allocates funds between campaigning against a polluting industry and other environmental projects. When public attention is scarce, a greater campaign orientation induces industry to invest more heavily in symbolic action that cloaks damage and reduces the ri...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The key to HIV/STI control is community-wide intervention (CWI) which depends heavily on continuous monitoring and evaluation. Unfortunately, comprehensive CWI assessment methodology and reports are generally lacking. This study developed, applied, and evaluated a rapid tool for assessing CWI in China. METHODS A total of 120 county level respondents in charge of county-w...