For modeling decentralized decision-making problems with uncertain random parameters, an uncertain random multilevel programming is proposed. For some special case, an equivalent crisp mathematical programming to the established uncertain random programming is presented. A searching method by integrating uncertain random simulations, neural network and genetic algorithm is produced to search th...

The social ecological perspective provides a compelling justification for multilevel intervention. Yet, it offers little guidance for selecting interventions that work together in complementary or synergistic ways. Using a causal modeling framework, we describe five strategies for increasing potential complementarity or synergy among interventions that operate at different levels of influence: ...

This paper studies referential integrity in multilevel relations with element-level labeling. Our principal contribution is resolution of an impasse left by previous work in this area. We show that the previous work leaves us with a choice of either accepting referential ambiguity, or severely curtailing the modeling power of multilevel relations. We then show how to escape this impasse by elim...

Multilevel modeling is an increasingly popular technique for analyzing hierarchical data. This article addresses the problem of predicting a future observable y*j in the jth group of a hierarchical data set. Three prediction rules are considered and several analytical results on the relative performance of these prediction rules are demonstrated. In addition, the prediction rules are assessed b...

Social scientists are increasingly interested in multilevel hypotheses, data, and statistical models as well as moderation or interactions among predictors. The result is a focus on hypotheses and tests of multilevel moderation within and across levels of analysis. Unfortunately, existing approaches to multilevel moderation have a variety of shortcomings, including conflated effects across leve...

Multilevel models have come to play an increasingly important role in many areas of social science research. However, in contrast to other modeling strategies, there is currently no widely used approach for graphically diagramming multilevel models. Ideally, such diagrams would serve two functions: to provide a formal structure for deriving the underlying equations and to provide a mechanism fo...

multilevel inverters has big placement advantages in power electronics and its application can be mentioned to facts tools such as upfc – d-statcom. therefore, nowadays multilevel inverters have created vast field’s research and researchers are trying to present appropriate structures with fewer keys and greater advantages. the main advantages of multilevel inverters mentioned are low-key volta...