Metal oxide semiconductor material has great potential to act as window layer in p–n heterojunction solar cell thin film owing low production cost and significant properties photovoltaic mechanism. In this work, n-TiO2/ZnO bilayer was effectively constructed by means of sol-gel spin coating technique an effort diminish the electron-hole recombination rate from single-layered film. Annealing tim...

the purpose of food packaging is to preserve the quality and safety of the food it contains from the time of manufacture to the time it is used by the consumer. recently, the demand for safe and high quality foods, as well as changes in consumer preferences have led to the development of innovative and novel approaches in food packaging technology. one such development is the active food packag...

We propose a formulation of an absorbing boundary for a quantum particle. The formulation is based on a Feynman-type integral over trajectories that are confined by the absorbing boundary. Trajectories that reach the absorbing wall are instantaneously terminated and their probability is discounted from the population of the surviving trajectories. This gives rise to a unidirectional absorption ...

The effect of a cloud layer on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) aerosol radiative forcing is examined by means of a one-dimensional vertical column simulation. To span the range between nonabsorbing and strongly absorbing particles, (NH4)2SO4 and soot aerosols are considered individually and in internal and external mixtures. For a cloud layer embedded within an aerosol layer it is shown that direct aer...

A large number of differential equation problems which admit traveling waves are usually defined on very large or infinite domains. To numerically solve these problems on smaller subdomains of the original domain, artificial boundary conditions must be defined for these subdomains. One type of artificial boundary condition which can minimize the size of such subdomains is the absorbing boundary...

An experimental arrangement is described for determination of refractive indices n and extinction coefficients k of strongly absorbing liquids and solids over a wide spectral region. The reflectivity of parallel polarized light vs angle of incidence is measured, and the optical constants are calculated from the minimum parallel reflectivity and the corresponding Brewster angle. The accuracy of ...