We have recently treated with N2 gas plasma and achieved inactivation of bacteria. However, the effect of N2 gas plasma on viruses remains unclear. With the aim of developing this technique, we analyzed the virucidal effect of N2 gas plasma on influenza virus and its influence on the viral components. We treated influenza virus particles with inert N2 gas plasma (1.5 kpps; kilo pulses per secon...

Schmidt decompositions of the quantum Fourier transform on C1 ⊗C2 are computed for all N1,N2 ≥ 2. The Schmidt decomposition is shown to be completely degenerate when N1 is a factor of N2 and when N1 > N2. This generalizes previous decompositions, found for N1 = N2 = 2 n [M. A. Nielsen, PhD Thesis, University of New Mexico (1998), Chapter 6; arXiv:quant-ph/0011036], and, more generally, for N1 =...

Using laboratory data for the scattering of O by O2, CO and N2 pair potentials are constructed for O, C and N atoms. These potentials are then used to calculate collisional dissociation and energy transfer cross sections for O on O2, CO and N2; O2 on O2, N on N2, and N2 on N2. Since the energetic ions often neutralize in the atmosphere corona, such cross sections are relevant to plasma ion bomb...

Dense-array (128-channel) electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record event-related potentials (ERPs) from 33 participants between 7 and 16 years of age while they performed a Go/Nogo task. The frontal (Nogo) N2 component of the ERP was taken as an index of cognitive control, and examined in relation to both age and independent assessments of executive function (EF), including the Iowa Gamb...

Measurements of gas temperature, electric field and N2, second positive (2~~ pos.), N), first negative ii" neg band intensities have been performed in N2-H2 flowing D-Cdischarge with H2 less than 0.5%. The intensity variations of the N2, 2~~

A 1D in position and 2D in velocity Particle in Cell with Monte Carlo Collision model of a low-pressure nitrogen discharge plasma has been coupled to a 1D reaction-diffusion kinetics for the whole vibrational ladder of the N2(X) state, for the vibrationally lumped N2(A), N2(B), N2(C), N2(a') states as well as for N atoms. The model includes several electron-molecule as well as molecule-molecule...

Legumes are characterized as keeping stable nutrient supply under nutrient-limited conditions. However, few studies examined the legumes' stoichiometric advantages over other plants across various taxa in natural ecosystems. We explored differences in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry of different tissue types (leaf, stem, and root) between N2-fixing legume shrubs and non-N2-fixing ...

Biological N2 fixation is the dominant supply of new nitrogen (N) to the oceans, but is often inhibited in the presence of fixed N sources such as nitrate (NO3-). Anthropogenic fixed N inputs to the ocean are increasing, but their effect on marine N2 fixation is uncertain. Thus, global estimates of new oceanic N depend on a fundamental understanding of factors that modulate N source preferences...

The crossing number cr(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of crossings in a nondegenerate planar drawing of G. The rectilinear crossing number cr(G) of G is the minimum number of crossings in a rectilinear nondegenerate planar drawing (with edges as straight line segments) of G. Zarankiewicz proved in 1952 that cr(Kn1,n2) ≤ Z(n1, n2) := ⌊ n1 2 ⌋ ⌊ n1−1 2 ⌋ ⌊ n2 2 ⌋ ⌊ n2−1 2 ⌋ . We define an ...

We investigate the lower asymptotic density of sumsets in N2 by proving certain Plünnecke type inequalities for various notions of lower density in N2. More specifically, we introduce a notion of lower tableaux density in N2 which involves averaging over convex tableaux-shaped regions in N2 which contain the origin. This generalizes the well known Plünnecke type inequality for the lower asympto...