Special attention to the relative advantages of the economy is the best way toward economic development in every country. Owing to its considerable natural oil and gas resources, Iran has a high potential for the development of these industries. In the value chain process of these God-given resources, a wide diversity of final downstream petrochemical products has a significant charm and scope ...

This chapter contrasts traditional, organizationcentered models of innovation with more recent work on open innovation. These fundamentally different and inconsistent innovation logics are associated with contrasting organizational boundaries and organizational designs. We suggest that when critical tasks can be modularized and when problemsolving knowledge is widely distributed and available, ...

Nowadays, scientific and technical innovation is the key force to enhance general competitive advantage and international status of the country. All countries have regarded strengthening the independent innovation capability as the strategic basis for national sustainable development, and are committed to their own national innovation system (NIS) planning and construction. NIS is a complex ope...

Innovation debates dealing with regional economic development have generally focused on densely populated, technologically advanced areas and areas around university cities, undervaluing rural regions and their integration in national innovation systems. However, some statistics indicate that remote and rural regions may also have good innovation potential. This study examines more ...

Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. The Forest Herbarium National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok 10220, Thail...