It is essential that the reasoning of an expert system can be ex-­ plained and justified. In the paper simple ideas for providing com-­ prehensive explanations of deductions are presented. The method is to transform the proof tree to a more comprehensive proof tree from which a neat explanation directly can be extracted. The transformation of proof trees is a way to view the problem of explaini...

A straightforward and atom-economical method is described for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles. Anilines and 1,2-diols are condensed under neat conditions with catalytic amounts of either [Cp*IrCl(2)](2)/MsOH or RuCl(3)·xH(2)O/phosphine (phosphine = PPh(3) or xantphos). The reaction does not require any stoichiometric additives and only produces water and dihydrogen as byproducts. Ani...

This article reviews some recent simulations of vortex sheet roll-up using the vortex blob method. In planar and axisymmetric flow, the roll-up is initially smooth but irregular small-scale features develop later in time due to the onset of chaos. A numerically generated Poincaré section shows that the vortex sheet flow resembles a chaotic Hamiltonian system with resonance bands and a heterocli...

Successful pathogenic organisms have developed mechanisms to thrive under extreme levels of iron restriction. Haem-iron represents the largest iron reservoir in the human body and is a significant source of iron for some bacterial pathogens. NEAT (NEAr Transporter) domains are found exclusively in a family of cell surface proteins in Gram-positive bacteria. Many NEAT domain-containing proteins,...

Chemical bond breaking and formation during chemical reactions can be observed using "transition state spectroscopy". Comparing the measurement result of the transition state spectroscopy with the simulation result of single direct-dynamics trajectory, we have elucidated the reaction dynamics of Claisen rearrangement of allyl vinyl ether. Observed the reaction of the neat sample liquid, we have...

There are a number of efforts towards building applications that leverage temporal information in documents. The demonstration of our NEAT (News Exploration Along Time) prototype system that we propose here, is an attempt towards building an intuitive and exploratory interface for search results over large news archives using timelines. The demonstration uses the New York Times Annotated Corpus...

Complexification is an essential concept in evolutionary robotics that develops dynamic neural networks over generations with the aim of increasing their capabilities. Artificial networks networks are complexified by altering, adding and removing nodes and connections from the neural network structure. The dimensionality of the input layer in a neural network also plays a significant role in th...

The larger the size of the data, structured or unstructured, the harder to understand and make use of it. One of the fundamentals to machine learning is feature selection. Feature selection, by reducing the number of irrelevant/redundant features, dramatically reduces the run time of a learning algorithm and leads to a more general concept. In this paper, realization of feature selection throug...

Lignin, a byproduct of paper and pulp industries, is a sustainable, inexpensive biomaterial with potential as composite filler. Past research on polyolefin/lignin composites made by melt processing has led to modest increases in Young’s modulus and drastic reductions in tensile strength and elongation at break relative to neat polymer. Here, green hybrids of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and ...

Red blood cell hemolysis in sickle cell disease (SCD) releases free hemoglobin. Extracellular hemoglobin and its degradation products, free heme and iron, are highly toxic due to oxidative stress induction and decrease in nitric oxide availability. We propose an approach that helps to eliminate extracellular hemoglobin toxicity in SCD by employing a bacterial protein system that evolved to extr...