Logical fallacy refers to errors in constructing a logically valid reasoning within an argument, and it is prevalent among students. The purpose of this study examine logical fallacies solving story problems students using single-subject design. adopts qualitative research approach with observational method. researcher observes how solve naturalistic setting. Data collected through task-based i...

1 Introduction Recent models of causation place the concept of CAUSE within a broader framework of concepts that includes the notions of LETTING, HINDERING, HELPING and PREVENTING. In each model, the related concepts are defined in terms of a small set of conceptual distinctions. This paper examines the relationship between the cognitive and linguistic systems. Specifically, we investigate whet...

This is a wonderful book; indeed, it is easily one of the most important and creative books I have ever read on the subject of causation and causal inference. Causality is impressive on many levels and should be of great interest to many different audiences. Philosophers will find of particular interest Pearl’s defense of what might be described as a broadly manipulationist or interventionist t...

The private value of lawsuits is based on plaintiffs’ expected recovery at trial compared to their filing costs, whereas the social value consists of the incentives suits create for injurers to invest in accident avoidance. Generally, there is no relationship between these two values: there may be either too many or too few suits from a social perspective. Thus, there is scope for corrective me...

between malpractice claims and adverse events due to negligence. N Engl J Med 1991;325:245–251. 6. Rolph JE, Kravitz RL, McGuigan K. Malpractice claims data as a quality improvement tool. Is targeting effective? JAMA 1991; 266:2093–2097. 7. Institute of Medicine. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. 8. Levinson W, Roter DL, Mullooly JP, ...

This paper reviews a humanistic risk management policy that includes early injury review, steadfast maintenance of the relationship between the hospital and the patient, proactive full disclosure to patients who have been injured because of accidents or medical negligence, and fair compensation for injuries. The financial consequences of this type of policy are not yet known; however, one Veter...