We introduce a simply typed λ-calculus λκε which has both contexts and environments as first-class values. In λκε, holes in contexts are represented by ordinary variables of appropriate types and hole filling is represented by the functional application together with a new abstraction mechanism which takes care of packing and unpacking of the term which is used to fill in the holes of the conte...

Different generalizations to the case of coverings of the standard approach to entropy applied to partitions of a finite universe X are explored. In the first approach any covering is represented by an identity resolution of fuzzy sets on X and a corresponding probability distribution with associated entropy is defined. A second approach is based on a probability distribution generated by the c...

0. Introduction and Preliminary 2 0.1. Existence and uniqueness theorem 2 0.2. Equation of a chain 7 1. Nonsingular matrices 9 1.1. A family of nonsingular matrices 9 1.2. Sufficient condition for Nonsingularity 12 1.3. Estimates 16 2. Local automorphism group of a real hypersurface 23 2.1. Polynomial Identities 23 2.2. Injectivity of a Linear Mapping 33 2.3. Beloshapka-Loboda Theorem 42 3. Com...

Causal Queries are usually estimated by means of an estimand, a formula consisting observational terms that can be computed using passive data. Each query results in different formula, which makes estimand-based methods extremely ad-hoc. In this work, we propose estimand-agnostic framework capable computing any identifiable causal on arbitrary Graph (even the presence latent confounders) with o...

the purpose of this study was to assess the process of extension program development in iranian agricultural extension system (iaes). the research instrument was a structural questionnaire with close-ended questions which its validity and reliability was confirmed by using expert panel and cranach’s alpha test, respectively. the target population of this research included all extension managers...

This paper introduces a set of guidelines for annotating time expressions with a canonicalized representation of the times they refer to. Applications that can benefit from such an annotated corpus include information extraction (e.g., normalizing temporal references for database entry), question answering (answering “when” questions), summarization (temporally ordering information), machine tr...