BACKGROUND This paper considers the question of dietary diversity as a proxy for nutrition insecurity in communities living in the inner city and the urban informal periphery in Johannesburg. It argues that the issue of nutrition insecurity demands urgent and immediate attention by policy makers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was undertaken for households from urban informal (n = 195) and ...

Like most cities in developing countries, Kigali is experiencing rapid urbanisation leading to an increase in the urban population and rapid growth in the size and number of informal settlements. More than 60% of the city's population resides in these settlements, where they experience inadequate and poor quality urban services including sanitation. This article discusses the issues and constra...

This research includes of the numerical modeling of fluids in two-dimensional cavity. The cavity flow is an important theoretical problem. In this research, modeling was carried out based on an alternating direction implicit via Vorticity-Stream function formulation. It evaluates different Reynolds numbers and grid sizes. Therefore, for the flow field analysis and prove of the ability of the sc...

With rising instances of extreme events and urban settlements, this paper outlines a pedestrian evacuation modeling framework using volunteered geographical information from OpenStreetMap and simplified queuing-network model to estimate evacuation time, detect bottlenecks and test different evacuation strategies. An example case of a total city wide evacuation is presented for a selection of UK...

Brazil has presided over the most comprehensive agrarian reform frontier colonization program on Earth, in which ~1.2 million settlers have been translocated by successive governments since the 1970's, mostly into forested hinterlands of Brazilian Amazonia. These settlements encompass 5.3% of this ~5 million km2 region, but have contributed with 13.5% of all land conversion into agropastoral la...

Understanding the spatial point pattern of human settlements and their geographical associations are important for understanding the drivers of land use and land cover change and the relationship between environmental and ecological processes on one hand and cultures and lifestyles on the other. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach, Ripley's K function and Monte Carlo s...

The archaeology of slave settlements is a recent development within historical archaeology but has gained substantial headway during the last few years. Most of the excavations have been in coastal areas of the Southeastern United States, principally in Georgia and South Carolina. Substantive questions about housing, diet, and lifestyle have been examined. Some comparison between planters. over...

There is a great need for identifying and characterizing human settlements at global scale. Though very high-resolution (VHR) imagery has proven to be highly useful in identifying human settlements, the algorithms and computational approaches have proven to be inadequate and very slow. Existing per-pixel based classification approaches are shown to be inadequate for characterizing urban neighbo...

This data article contains the urban features of three informal settlements in Jakarta: A. Kampung Bandan; B. Kampung Luar Batang; And C. Kampung Muara Baru. The data describes the urban features of physical structures, infrastructures, and public services. These data include maps showing locations of these settlements, photography of urban status, and examples of urban fabric. The data are obt...

The performance of water flooding can be investigated by using either detail numerical modeling or simulation, or simply through the analytical Buckley-Leverett (BL) model. The Buckley-Leverett analytical technique can be applied to one-dimensional homogeneous systems. In this paper, the impact of heterogeneity on water flooding performance and fractional flow curve is investigated. First, a ba...