background: the i-space is a radiological imaging system in which computed tomography (ct)-scans can be evaluated as a three dimensional hologram. the aim of this study is to analyze the value of virtual reality (i-space) in diagnosing acute occult scaphoid fractures.   methods: a convenient cohort of 24 patients with a ct-scan from prior studies, without a scaphoid fracture on radiograph, yet ...

An important predictor of historical sound change, functional load, fails to capture insights from speech perception. Building on ideal observer models of word recognition, we devise a new definition of functional load that incorporates both a priori expectedness and perceptual information. We explore this new measure with a simple model and find that it outperforms tra-

the notion of ‘global citizenship’, however, remains very broad, if not contested, and consequently difficult to operationalize in education. there are two possible reasons for this. firstly, it is unclear whether the very notion of ‘global citizenship’ is a metaphor, a contradiction of terms, or an oxymoron (davies, 2006). what does ‘global citizenship’ possibly imply both from a legal perspec...

The temporal behaviour of the early optical emission from Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows can be divided in four classes: fast-rising with an early peak, slow-rising with a late peak, flat plateaus, and rapid decays since first measurement. The fast-rising optical afterglows display correlations among peak flux, peak epoch, and post-peak power-law decay index that can be explained with a structured ...

Post-inflationary boundary conditions are essential to the existence of our highly structured universe, and these can only come about through quantum mechanical state reductions – i.e., through measurements. The choice is between: An ‘objective’ measurement that allows reduction to occur independent of conscious observers, and an ‘observer’ based measurement that ties reduction to the existence...

This paper performs a global analysis of entrainment between dyads in map-task dialogues in European Portuguese (EP), including 48 dialogues, between 24 speakers. Our main goals focus on the acoustic-prosodic similarities between speakers, namely if there are global entrainment cues displayed in the dialogues, if there are degrees of entrainment manifested in distinct sets of features shared am...

A new chaotic communication scheme using sliding-mode adaptive observer is presented. Using synchronization in conjunction with digital communication schemes, we have enhanced the security of the transmitted signal and achieved a satisfactory, typical, secure communication scheme. The proposed system requires only one observer, which is an advantage over some of related work in this area. The s...

2 Algebraic preliminaries 4 2.1 Notations and conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Local Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 Global Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Prelimin...

a fuzzy observer based scheme for synchronizing two hyperchaoticoscillators via a scalar transmitted signal for cryptographic application isproposed. the takagi-sugeno fuzzy model exactly represents chaotic systems.based on the general fuzzy model, the fuzzy observer of a chaotic system isdesigned on the basis of the n-shift multiple state based key encryption algorithm.the scalar transmitted s...