The rare earth elements (REE), comprising 15 of the lanthanum series (La-Lu) together with yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc), have become particular interest because their use, for example, in modern communications, renewable energy generation, electrification transport. However, security supply REE is considered to be at risk due limited number sources, dependence largely on one supplier that prod...

Until recently, optical processes in shallow water, where a large portion of solar photons penetrate to the ocean floor, has received little attention outside of a relatively small number of modeling and remote sensing investigations. In the open ocean, scales of variability in relation to optical attenuation length often permit the treatment of the inwater light field as a one-dimensional, dep...

[1] The primary goal of the Ocean Seismic Network Pilot Experiment (OSNPE) was to learn how to make high quality broadband seismic measurements on the ocean bottom in preparation for a permanent ocean seismic network. The experiment also had implications for the development of a capability for temporary (e.g., 1 year duration) seismic experiments on the ocean floor. Equipment for installing, op...

Numerical models of whole-mantle convection demonstrate that degassing of the mantle is an inefficient process, resulting in ca. 50% of the (40)Ar being degassed from the mantle system. In this sense the numerical simulations are consistent with the (40)Ar mass balance between the atmosphere and mantle reservoir. These models, however, are unable to preserve the large-scale heterogeneity predic...

Microplastic has been found in all major waterbodies the world. Many examples of ingestion microplastic by marine organisms have reported. This presence gives it possibility to penetrate human food chain increasing chance seafood targeted for consumption. Although is known that parts Indian Ocean suffer from significant plastic pollution, much systematic research on abundance different regions ...

11 The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was created to produce the first cli12 matologically useful picture of the ocean circulation and its low-frequency variability. This 13 goal is addressed here from the state estimate of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate 14 of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium, which uses almost all of the data obtained during WOCE 15 and its aftermath along wi...

S U M M A R Y Opening of the Drake Passage gateway between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans has been linked in various ways to Cenozoic climate changes. From the oceanic floor of Drake Passage, the largest of the remaining uncertainties in understanding this opening is in the timing and process of the opening of the central Scotia Sea. All but one of the available constraints on the age of the c...

I propose to compare two paleoproductivity indicators recording “opposite” aspects of primary productivity, organic carbon production at the sea surface (coccolith Sr/Ca ratios) and its consumption on the sea floor (benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates, BFAR). Calcification and growth rates of coccolithophores can be linked to particulate organic matter production in the photic zone (Balch ...

Underwater photogrammetry and in particular systematic visual surveys of the deep sea are by far less developed than similar techniques on land or in space. The main challenges are the rough conditions with extremely high pressure, the accessibility of target areas (container and ship deployment of robust sensors, then diving for hours to the ocean floor), and the limitations of localization te...