The terms "microsmatic" and "macrosmatic" refer to species with lesser or greater levels, respectively, of olfactory function. Historically, primates are considered microsmats (olfactory sense reduced) with a concomitant increased emphasis on vision. The olfactory bulbs (forebrain centers that receive peripheral olfactory input) are proportionately smaller in primates compared to most other mam...

In mammals, olfaction is mediated by two distinct organs that are located in the nasal cavity: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) that binds volatile odorants is responsible for the conscious perception of odors, and the vomeronasal organ (VNO) that binds pheromones is responsible for various behavioral and neuroendocrine responses between individuals of a same species. Odorants and pheromones...

It is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. Knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. In this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen Caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...

exposure of a female to a male that is genetically different from the inseminating male (the Bruce Effect). In the Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Bruce Effect, it appears that a pheromone effect can be coupled with the detection of " individuality cues " that result from genetic variation within a species, including Olfaction is an ancient sense. Its precursors can be differences at major histocom...

The murine olfactory system consists of two primary divisions: (1) a main olfactory system, in which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) send their axons to glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb (MOB); and (2) an accessory olfactory system, in which OSNs located in the vomeronasal organ send their axons to glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB...

Electrical properties of isolated olfactory receptor cells were studied using voltageand current-clamp techniques based on whole-cell patch-clamp methods. Squid olfactory receptor cells contain voltage-gated Na and K channels and are capable of generating action potentials. Chemicals that elicit escape-jetting responses in behavioral experiments affect the excitability of isolated receptor cell...

To better understand the olfactory mechanisms in a lepidopteran pest model species, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, we have recently established a partial transcriptome from adult antennae. Here, we completed this transcriptome using next generation sequencing technologies, namely 454 and Illumina, on both adult antennae and larval tissues, including caterpillar antennae and maxillar...

.................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4 The fish olfactory system .................................................................................................

In rodents, the olfactory system is segregated into the main olfactory epithelium (OE) and into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), the former populated by ciliated olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the G-protein subunit Gαolf and OR-type odorant receptor molecules, the latter housing microvillous receptor neurons (VRNs) expressing Gαo and Gαi and V1R, V2R and V3R receptor molecules. Projec...

Experiments were performed to determine which bundles of the olfactory tracts were essential for mediating alarm reaction in crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.). The fish were maintained in physiological saline after surgery to preserve the remaining tracts and postoperative inspections revealed the functionality of the intact tracts. Operations on the tracts were performed symmetrically on b...