In regression problems involving vector-valued outputs (or equivalently, multiple responses), it is well known that the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), which takes noise covariance structure into account, can be significantly more accurate than the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. However, existing literature compares OLS and MLE in terms of their asymptotic, not finite sample, guara...

Infants born prematurely are at high risk to develop white matter injury (WMI), due to exposure to hypoxic and/or inflammatory insults. Such perinatal insults negatively impact the maturation of oligodendrocytes (OLs), thereby causing deficits in myelination. To elucidate the precise pathophysiology underlying perinatal WMI, it is essential to fully understand the cellular mechanisms contributi...

This paper examines the efficiency gains of GLS detrending over OLS detrending in the model yt = z′ tγ + ut, where z ′ t = (1, t, ..., t k−1) and ut ∼ I(d), −1/2 < d < 3/2. A famous theorem on trend removal by OLS regression (usually attributed to Grenander and Rosenblatt (1957) gave conditions for the asymptotic equivalence of GLS and OLS in deterministic trend estimation with I(0) errors. Whe...

Maintenance of white matter integrity in health and disease is critical for a variety of neural functions. Ischemic stroke in the white matter frequently results in degeneration of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin. Previously, we found that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed in OLs provides cell-autonomous protective effects on ischemic OL death and demyelination in white matter stroke. Her...

Error correction codes (ECCs) are commonly used to protect memories against errors. Among ECCs, orthogonal latin squares (OLS) codes have gained renewed interest for memory protection due to their modularity and the simplicity of the decoding algorithm that enables low delay implementations. An important issue is that when ECCs are used, the encoder and decoder circuits can also suffer errors. ...

We retrospectively studied 42 liver biopsy specimens from 39 patients who met serologic and histologic criteria of autoimmune liver diseases. We found 10 cases of overlap syndrome (OLS), 10 autoimmune cholangitis (AIC), 10 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and 9 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type 1. The following results were obtained: (1) Granulomas and biliary duct lesions were more prominent in ...

Immature oligodendrocytes (OLs) derive from a large pool of late OL progenitors that populate human cerebral white matter throughout the latter half of gestation. We recently reported that a minor population of immature OLs are present in human cerebral white matter for at least 3 months before these cells commit to myelinogenesis around 30 wk postconceptional age. Since this finding supports d...

While 2SLS is the most widely used estimator for simuhaneous equation models, OLS may do better in finite samples. Here we demonstrate analytically that the for the widely used simultaneous equation model with one jointly endogenous variable and valid instruments, 2SLS has smaller MSE error, up to second order, than OLS unless the R , or the F statistic of the reduced form equation is extremely...

An ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis of the relationship between chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations and photosynthetic rates at depths of 5 and 25 m at Station ALOHA produced a slope that was only 28% of the mean productivity index at those depths and an intercept at zero chl a that equaled 70% of the mean photosynthetic rate. OLS regression lines are known to produce a slope and intercep...

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common premalignancy in the oral cavity. A small proportion of OLs progresses to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To assess OSCC risk of OLs, we investigated the role of the transcriptional repressor enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in oral tumorigenesis and its clinical implication as an OSCC risk predictor. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure EZH2 ...