2. Fronting pattern follows from three ranked, violable constraints: Antecedent: An anaphor has an accessible antecedent, i.e. an anaphor has an antecedent and the anaphor does not precede and c-command its antecedent (Hankamer and Sag, 1976). >> TopFirst: Topic is clause initial, i.e. if a syntactic constituent is topic it is clause initial (= in Spec-CP; cf. Costa 2001:176). >> SubjFirst: Sub...

While tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) provide critical hydrological services to downstream regions throughout much of the humid tropics, catchment hydrology and impacts associated with forest conversion in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the annual, seasonal and event-scale streamflow patterns and runoff generation processes of three neighbouring headwater catc...

Arid ecosystems experience prolonged dry periods, as well as storms that vary in size, intensity and frequency. As a result, nitrogen (N) retention and export patterns may be a function of individual storm characteristics. Our objective was to determine how seasonal patterns in rainfall as well as individual storm characteristics influence N transport and retention on terrestrial hill slopes in...

Fast urbanization and industrialization in developing countries result in significant stormwater runoff pollution, due to drastic changes in land-use, from rural to urban. A three-year study on the stormwater runoff pollutant loading distributions of industrial, parking lot and mixed commercial and residential catchments was conducted in the Tongsha reservoir watershed of Dongguan city, a typic...

This paper argues that elliptical VPs do not necessarily present cases of VP ellipsis. Certain relative clauses that contain elliptical VPs are analysed as instances of transitive verb phrase ellipsis. A storing account of ellipsis resolution is given. Resolution of TVP ellipsis is achieved by resolving a binary relation that derives from an antecedent TVP. This avoids the problem of antecedent...

Flood estimation can be performed on the basis of event-based simulation or continuous simulation. A model with continuous water balance accounting has the attractive feature that dynamic factors affecting runoff production may be represented explicitly (Lamb 1999). In particular, a conceptual rainfall-runoff model can simulate the changing antecedent moisture conditions that determine the catc...

In each case, the anaphorically related elements are italicized. In (1a), \a presentation" is the antecedent for the pronoun \it", and in (1b), \gave a presentation" is the antecedent for the VPE. Similarly, in (1c), we view the \past" in the rst clause as the antecedent for the \past" in the second clause. This links the time of leaving to the time of giving the presentation. In (1d), we regar...