Equivalent circuit models (ECMs) are widely used in battery management systems in electric vehicles and other battery energy storage systems. The battery dynamics and the model parameters vary under different working conditions, such as different temperature and state of charge (SOC) levels, and therefore online parameter identification can improve the modelling accuracy. This paper presents a ...

The research described in this article is motivated by the need to provide models and frameworks that would guide online web-stores in their platform provisioning and customer retention. The authors propose the etailer Platform Functionality Model (ePFM) for modelling the requirements of business-to-consumer (B2C) online stores for Interactive Digital Media (IDM). Encompassing e-tailer strategy...

One of the main changes in modern consumer behaviour has been the transition from a passive to an active and informed consumer, and one of the key tools of this so-called “postmodern” online consumer has been the Internet. An examination of previous research into online consumer behaviour shows that there may be significant differences from their terrestrial counterparts, however problems of de...