In 2014, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) campaigns were implemented in Nigeria and Pakistan after clinical trials showed that IPV boosts intestinal immunity in children previously given oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We estimated the effect of these campaigns by using surveillance data collected during January 2014-April 2016. In Nigeria, campaigns with IPV and trivalent OPV (tOPV) substan...

It is commonly known that halogenation tends to decrease the luminescence quantum yield of an organic dye, owing to the high electronegativity and heavy-atom effect of the halogen atom. However, based on an investigation of the effects of halogenation on the luminescence of the oligo(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) framework, we demonstrate that halogenation can have positive impact on the solid-stat...

Size-correlated single-molecule fluorescence measurements on CdSe quantum dots functionalized with oligo(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) ligands exhibit modified fluorescence intermittency (blinking) statistics that are highly sensitive to the degree of ligand coverage on the quantum dot surface. As evidenced by a distinct surface height signature, fully covered CdSe-OPV nanostructures (approximately...

Wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern Nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). An outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2; >1% divergent from Sabin 2) occurred during July 2005-June 2010, a period when 23 of 34 SIAs used monovalent or biv...

This report describes a case of acute flaccid paralysis after administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). A 4 month-old male patient with the decreased movement of left lower extremity for 1 month was transferred to the Department of Pediatrics. He received OPV with DTaP at 2 months of age. Flaccid paralysis was detected 4 weeks after OPV immunization. Attempts to isolate Sabin-like viruses in ...

The maximum efficiency of any solar cell can be evaluated in terms of its corresponding ability to emit light. We herein determine the important figure of merit of radiative efficiency for Methylammonium Lead Iodide perovskite solar cells and, to put in context, relate it to an organic photovoltaic (OPV) model device. We evaluate the reciprocity relation between electroluminescence and photovol...

BACKGROUND To understand immunological responses in chimpanzees vaccinated with live-attenuated vaccine (oral polio vaccine; OPV), serum neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were investigated over time. METHODS The neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were determined by microneutralization test using 100 ID(50) of poliovirus types 1, 2, and...

The high transparency of graphene, together with its good electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness, enable its use as transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells. While initial demonstrations of graphene-based organic photovoltaics (OPV) have been promising, realization of scalable technologies remains challenging due to their performance and, critically, poor ...

The use of Indium–Tin Oxide (ITO) as a transparent conductor in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices has been shown to present a bottleneck for the technology due to the use of the rare metal Indium and also the energy intensive manufacturing processes required and subsequent high economic cost. This study discusses some of the alternative materials, which are being considered for use as transpar...

We conducted the first systematic documentation of using oral polio vaccine (OPV) out of the cold chain during national immunization day (NID) campaigns in Mali. Using a crossover intervention design, vaccinators compared the transport of OPV in vaccine carriers with or without ice packs. Vaccine integrity was assured through monitoring vaccine vial monitor (VVM) status. Despite ambient tempera...