Background: Consumption of chronic morphine induces neuro-inflammation and addictive seeking behavior. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), a well-known spice plant, has been used traditionally in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. It has been shown that ginger has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antinociceptive properties. However, its influences on morphine-induced addictive b...

BACKGROUND Starting in 1990 many programs were initiated to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS in prisons in accordance with the policies of the Ministry of Health. This study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of harm reduction programs vis-à-vis drug abuse and dependency in 7 prisons in Iran. METHODS The methodology used is Before-After testing and the sample population is incar...

In the present study, interactions between lead exposure with nitric oxide precursor (L-arginine) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME) on naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in morphine-dependent mice were examined. Chronic lead acetate (0.05%) exposure altered naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in mice. Jumping was decreased after 7 days and was unchanged 14 and 28 days after...

There is growing appreciation for the importance of gastrointestinal microbiota in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While morphine and other narcotics are the most widely prescribed therapy for moderate to severe pain clinically, they have been noted to alter microbial composition and promote bacterial translocation to other tissues. Here we examined the pharmacodynamic prop...

A review of the current literature shows pethidine (meperidine) use to be less favourable than commonly thought. When first synthesised in the 1930s, it was prematurely lauded as a substitute for morphine, and marketed as a drug lacking many of the adverse effects such as respiratory depression, urinary retention, constipation and chemical dependency typical of opioids such as morphine. None of...

background & aim: in some studies, changes in trace elements of abuse of addictive substances have been mentioned. due to the effects of trace elements on the immune system and their effects on susceptibility to infectious agents, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect(s) of morphine dependency on the concentration of trace elements (copper, zinc and manganese) levels in serum ...

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of repeated treatment with morphine on the drug's antinociceptive effects, intestinal absorption, and transepithelial transport. The antinociceptive effects of morphine in rats were markedly decreased after repeated oral administration of the drug for 5 d, indicating the development of tolerance. In the morphine-tolerant rats, intestina...

Introduction: Our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. In this study the effects of MgO NP on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. Methods: Adult male NMRI mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection...

Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have analgesic properties and reduce opioid tolerance and dependency. To investigate a possible interaction of NOS inhibitors with the respiratory depressant action of morphine, we determined the effects of the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) on the ventilatory carbon dioxide response curve; subsequently, we studied the effects of addition...