The region of Berkane in Oriental Morocco is well known for his high agricultural activity; indeed this implies the use of pesticides. But pesticides have harmful effects; they can cause injury to human health as well as to the environment. The range of these adverse health effects includes acute and persistent injury to the nervous system, lung damage, injury to the reproductive organs, and dy...

Threshold concentrations for treatment related effects of 31 insecticides, as derived from aquatic micro-/mesocosm tests, were used to calibrate the predictive value of the European Tier-1 acute effect assessment on basis of laboratory toxicity tests with Daphnia magna, Chironomus spp., Americamysis bahia and Gammarus pulex. The acute Tier-1 effect assessment on basis of Daphnia (EC(50)/100) ov...

Surveillance data show that pesticide-related illness is an important cause of acute morbidity among migrant farm workers in California. A few categories (organophosphates and carbamates, inorganic compounds, and pyrethroids) account for over half of the cases of acute illness. Skin effects dominate the illnesses, although ocular and systemic effects are also common. Exposures occur in various ...

Spinosad (a mixture of spinosyns A and D, Fig. 1) is a new and highly promising insecticide, derived from the bacteria Saccharopolyspora spinosa, with efficacy against a wide range of insects. The mechanism of action of spinosad appears to be unique, with a primary site of attack being the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and a secondary site of attack being g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) r...

The influence of 29 pesticides on CO(2) production and nitrification by soil microorganisms was determined. A few compounds were stable but without significant effect in soil (chlorinated hydrocarbons), some persisted and depressed respiration and nitrification (carbamates, cyclodienes, phenylureas, thiolcarbamates), and others displayed toxicity but were transformed by soil microorganisms (ami...

Pyrethroid pesticides are used preferably over organochlorines and organophosphates due to their high effectiveness, low toxicity to non-target organisms and easy biodegradibility. However, it is possible that during the pyrethroid metabolism, there is generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pyrethroids may produce oxidative stress in intoxicated rats. The present study was therefore, u...

Organophosphorus inhibitors of cholinesterases (commonly called organophosphates, OP) are used in industry as softening agents, hydraulic liquids, lubricant additives, plasticizers, antioxidants, and for antiflammable modifications. They are also used in veterinary or human medicine as drugs or chemicals for the study of nervous functions. They differ in their toxicity from practically non-toxi...

Tobacco addiction has been mentioned as a leading cause of preventable illnesses and premature disability. Smoking is the main lung cancer one factors that most contribute to occurrence heart diseases, among others. The herbaceous species Nicotiana tabacum plant solanaceae family used for tobacco production. Some authors have conducted research about heavy metals toxicity tobacco. It is, freque...

Pesticide application in agricultural and residential areas is a worldwide practice. However, human pesticide poisoning environmental pollution through residues remain challenge the developing world. The present study investigated intensity of large-scale farms Trans-Nzoia County to screen prioritize pesticides for potential health risks. A cross-sectional survey involving 348 farmers was condu...