Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by choreiform movements, or rhythmic abnormal involuntary movements of the face, mouth, tongue, trunk, and limbs. It is frequently associated with the use of neuroleptic medications. The choreiform movements are irreversible in some patients, even after the drug is withdrawn. Although no reliable treatment for tardive dyskinesia exists, atypical antipsychotic...

Studies on the treatments for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia published in the English literature until August 1978 are reviewed. There is a yet no single satisfactory method of treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Withdrawal of neuroleptics results in a remission of symptoms in younger and non-brain-damaged patients. Paradoxically, the most effective treatment for suppressing dyskinesia is...

This study reports the results of an open trial of Sodium Valproate in tardive-dyskinesia. Fifteen patients identified having tardive dyskinesia by two psychiatrists independently were treated with Sodium Valproate in dosage of 1200 mg/day for 4 weeks. Assessments were made on abbreviated Dyskinesia Scale. There was statistically significant improvement after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Authors...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a syndrome manifesting in abnormal involuntary movements following prolonged exposure to neuroleptic treatment and the syndrome may be irreversible. This syndrome was initially described by Hall et al. (1956), Schonecker et al. (1957) and Sigwald et al. (1959). Clinically, this syndrome includes a variety of hyperkinetic involuntary movements primarily of the tongue, ...

The question of whether dyskinesia of the type found in tardive dyskinesia (TD) related to schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental background was studied in a sample of 60 younger schizophrenia patients (mean age 38 years) and 21 of their non-ill siblings. TD-like dyskinesia was studied in relation to selected risk factors in the patients, and to neurological abnormality and parkinsonism in both...

The application of L·DOPA (L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) to the treatment of extrapyramidal disorders has been extremely beneficial for parkinsonism 1)-8). At the same time several side-effects have been recognized. Among them, the appearance of dyskinesia poses an important problem 8)-13l , but causative mechanisms of L·DOPA induced dyskinesia are not yet sufficiently elucidated. Such dyskine...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dopamine agonists (DAs) are generally considered to be deprived of the highly dyskinetic effect of levodopa in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, the risk for dyskinesia induced by DA monotherapy and the contribution of clinically significant factors in the development of this disorder have never been systematically assessed. METHODS A systematic literature sea...

Tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible neurologic syndrome secondary to long-term neuroleptic drug use. It is characterized by slow. rhythmical. automatic stereotyped movements particularly in the buccolingual masticatory area. extremities. and trunk muscles in patients who have received neuroleptic drugs for at least three months. Unlike other neurologic side effects to neuroleptic d...

Background The management of orofacial pain in Indonesia has not been well performed, which consequently led to an increase in the orofacial pain occurrences and a decreased quality of life. One of the possible reasons for this particular matter is the lack of evaluation on the risk factors that might induce orofacial pain in some individuals. Objective The objective of the current study was ...

is article presents a comprehensive review of the literature on the diagnosis of pain in the orofacial region of patients su ering from a cognitive impairment or a dementia. is review was based on a literature search yielding 74 papers most of which dealt with the assessment of pain in general in nonverbal individuals, for which several observational tools have been developed. Unfortunately, no...