The following paper includes a derivation of practical KedemKatchalsky (K-K) equations for the volume flow Jν and the solute flow Js for non-electrolytes. This derivation makes the equations clearer and consequently their interpretation also becomes easier. The equations have been derived on the basis of the analysis of the membrane transport generated by simultaneous action of two thermodynami...

A model for self-propulsion of a colloidal particle--the osmotic motor--immersed in a dispersion of "bath" particles is presented. The nonequilibrium concentration of bath particles induced by a surface chemical reaction creates an osmotic pressure imbalance on the motor causing it to move. The ratio of the speed of reaction to that of diffusion governs the bath particle distribution which is e...

The mechanism of water permeation across the sarcolemma was characterized by examining the kinetics and temperature dependence of osmotic swelling and shrinkage of rabbit ventricular myocytes. The magnitude of swelling and the kinetics of swelling and shrinkage were temperature dependent, but the magnitude of shrinkage was very similar at 6 degrees, 22 degrees, and 37 degrees C. Membrane hydrau...

Methods for the examination of the physico—chemical properties of synthetic membranes are discussed starting with the determination of membrane pore structure and organization. Subse— quently, the determination of equilibrium (e.g. water content, fixed charge concentration) and transport parameters of synthetic membranes is outlined. Using the phenomenological rela— tionships of the thermodynam...

Human red blood cells have been incubated in the presence of nystatin, which allows Na and K, as well as Cl and pH to equilibrate rapidly when cell volume is set with external impermeant sucrose. The intracellular mean ionic activity coefficients, relative to values in the extracellular solution, for KCl and NaCl are 1.01 +/- 0.02 and 0.99 +/- 0.02 (SD, n = 10), respectively, and are independen...

background: recurrent abortion is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses. we aimed to determine the relationship between male sperm parameters and hypo-osmotic swelling score and recurrent abortion. we also studied whether washing of spermatozoa and intrauterine insemination in patients with recurrent miscarriage and low score hypo-osmotic swelling test in male partners could imp...

The effect of the simultaneous presence of monovalent and divalent cations on the thermodynamics of polyelectrolyte solutions is an incompletely solved problem. In physiological conditions, combinations of these ions affect structure formation in biopolymer systems. Dynamic light scattering measurements of the collective diffusion coefficient D and the osmotic compressibility of semidilute hyal...

Structure and thermodynamics in restricted primitive model electrolytes are examined using three recently developed versions of a linear form the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Analytical expressions for osmotic coefficient electrical part mean activity obtained results coefficients compared with that from more established spherical approximation, symmetric Poisson-Boltzmann, theories, av...