In this paper we consider a two-stage ordering problem with a buyer’s minimum commitment quantity contract. Under the contract the buyer is required to give a minimum-commitment quantity. Then the manufacturer has the obligations to supply the minimum-commitment quantity and to provide a shortage compensation policy to the buyer. We formulate a dynamic optimization model to determine the manufa...

Animals are the focus of public policy around world. Nonetheless, animal has not been established as a separate domain. This article describes elements to clarify its scope for discourse and give it distinct research status. Three perspectives on identified—anthropocentrism, welfare, natural rights. Each these ideas shapes responses issues cruelty, species disruptions, use animals service. By o...

In this paper fully fuzzy linear programming (FFLP) problem with both equality and inequality constraints is considered where all the parameters and decision variables are represented by non-negative trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. According to the current approach, the FFLP problem with equality constraints first is converted into a multi–objective linear programming (MOLP) problem with crisp const...