Silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductors have revolutionized the field of imaging, especially infrared imaging. Infrared focal plane array imagers are widely applied to night vision, haze food selection, semiconductor detection, and atmospheric pollutant detection. Over past several decades, CMOS integrated circuits modified by traditional bulk materials as sensitivity sensors for...

BACKGROUND To determine which approach to assessment of evidence in data - statistical tests or likelihood ratios - comes closest to the interpretation of evidence by untrained medical students. METHODS Empirical study of medical students (N = 842), untrained in statistical inference or in the interpretation of diagnostic tests. They were asked to interpret a hypothetical diagnostic test, pre...

The use...

In [4] the lattice of all subvarieties of the variety G Ex defined by so called externally compatible identities of Abelian groups together with the identity x ≈ y, for any n ∈ N and n ≥ 1 was described. In that paper classes of models of the type (2, 1) where considered. It appears that diagrams of lattices of subvariaties defined by externally compatible identities satisfied in a given equati...

is the dual group of G, and p ′ the conjugate exponent of p. An operator T between Banach spaces X and Y is said to be compatible with the Fourier transform F G if F G ⊗ T : Lp(G)⊗X → Lp′ (G ′ )⊗ Y admits a continuous extension [F , T ] : [Lp(G), X ] → [Lp′ (G ′ ), Y ]. We show that if G is topologically isomorphic with R×Z×F, where l and m are nonnegative integers and F is a compact group with...

Pathogens induce pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants. PAMPs are microbial molecules recognized by host plants as nonself signals, whereas pathogen effectors are evolved to aid in parasitism but are sometimes recognized by specific intracellular resistance proteins. In the absence of detectable ETI determining clas...

Counting interior-disjoint empty convex polygons in a point set is a typical Erdős-Szekerestype problem. We study this problem for 4-gons. Let P be a set of n points in the plane and in general position. A subset Q of P with four points is called a 4-hole in P if the convex hull of Q is a quadrilateral and does not contain any point of P in its interior. Two 4-holes in P are compatible if their...