Protein folding has been extensively studied, but many questions remain regarding the mechanism. Characterizing early unstable intermediates and the high-free-energy transition state (TS) will help answer some of these. Here, we use effects of denaturants (urea, guanidinium chloride) and temperature on folding and unfolding rate constants and the overall equilibrium constant as probes of surfac...

Coiled coils consist of two or more alpha-helices wrapped around each other with a superhelical twist. The interfaces between helices of a coiled coil are formed by hydrophobic amino acid residues packed in a "knobs-into-holes" arrangement. Most naturally occurring coiled coils, however, also contain buried polar residues, as do the cores of the majority of naturally occurring globular proteins...

Guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs) are Ca(2+)-binding proteins myristoylated at the N terminus that regulate guanylate cyclases in photoreceptor cells and belong to the family of neuronal calcium sensors (NCS). Many NCS proteins display a recoverin-like "calcium-myristoyl switch" whereby the myristoyl group, buried inside the protein in the Ca(2+)-free state, becomes fully exposed up...

A microlens array (MLA) based see-through, front projection screen, which can be used in direct projection head-up displays (HUD), color teleprompters and bidirectional interactive smart windows, is evaluated for various performance metrics in transmission mode. The screen structure consists of a partially reflective coated MLA buried between refractive-index-matched layers of epoxy as reported...

Optical waveguide is the fundamental element that interconnects the various devices of an optical integrated circuit. In this paper, the propagation characteristics of ridge and buried waveguides have been investigated on light intensity distribution within the structure. The analysis has been done by varying the thickness and also the width of both ridge and buried optical waveguide. The norma...

We demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be used to record high-quality vibrational spectra of molecules at buried interfaces in metal-molecule-silicon and metal-molecule-metal junctions. This provides quantitative information on the structure and conformation of molecules at buried interfaces, an issue of critical importance to molecular electronics. In the model systems of Au on octadecy...