The morphogen gradient as a source of embryonic patterning is one of the best accepted concepts in developmental biology. Morphogens can be transcription factors or extracellular signals, but in both cases, they are thought to provide concentration thresholds that position different cell fates within the developing embryo. Several recent papers examine the patterning activities of Drosophila Bi...

inclined with respect to the shear plane, the observations could possibly be matched. Roughly horizontal shearing of perovskite associated with a deforming Tonga slab may therefore explain the S-wave observations of Wookey et al. as well as the apparent absence of large splitting from the lower mantle in SKS and ScS phases that travel almost vertically beneath the Tonga subduction zone. The wor...

Two-dimensional atomic sheets of carbon (graphene, graphane, etc.) are amenable to unique patterning schemes such as cutting, bending, folding and fusion that are predicted to lead to interesting properties. In this review, we present theoretical understanding and processing routes for patterning graphene and highlight potential applications. With more precise and scalable patterning, the prosp...

Auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin is unique among plant hormones for exhibiting polar transport. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the major form of auxin in higher plants, is a weak acid and its intercellular movement is facilitated by auxin influx and efflux carriers. Polarity of auxin movement is provided by asymmetric localization of auxin carriers (mainly PIN...

Graft copolymers between conducting PEDOT and biodegradable PCL were synthesized investigated for 3D printing scaffolds patterning of muscle cells.