Empirical evidence shows that biodiversity conservation policies implemented in agriculture sector in many OECD countries have not been environmentally effective nor cost-effective. There are several new policy mechanisms available to improve both environmental effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness, including spatially differentiated payments and conservation auctions. In this paper a theore...

Letter of Credit is an international payment instrument whereby the issuing bank undertakes to pay the beneficiary, against presentation of certain stipulated documents, according to the conditions of the Letter of Credit. Discounting of LC for the short-term financing of the seller, due to the independent and irrevocable undertaking of the bank to make payment, is prevalent. Beneficiary gets t...

Background: Physiotherapy services constitute a principle part of health care systems, and interest in their use has increased in the recent decades.  This study was conducted to investigate the utilization and OOP payment for physiotherapy services in public hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran.    Methods: This cross-sectional study was c...

The issue of the cost containment effects of payment systems on per diem payments by Medicaid to nursing homes is addressed. Estimates of real payment rates as a function of broadly defined payment system classifications and economic and demographic variables using State-level data are presented. Little support for the notion that prospective payment systems substantially restrain payment rates...

E-commerce development and applications have been bringing the Internet to business and marketing and reforming our current business styles and processes. As Business to Business (B2B) has been a main stream of the e-commerce activities for a decade, business to customer (B2C) is still a new area to explore. Among the business to customer activities, a strong impact is security, i.e., how to pr...

The emergence of e-commerce has created new financial needs that in many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by the traditional payment systems. Recognizing this, virtually all interested parties are exploring various types of electronic payment systems, issues surrounding electronic payment system and digital currency. Broadly, electronic payment systems can be classified into four categorie...

The extraordinary growth of interconnected computer network & pervasive trends of using this network as new field for conducting Business process are stimulating the demand for new payment methods. These new methods attain high level of security, speed, privacy, decentralization & internationalization. This seminar surveys the state of art in payment technology & we proposed model for electroni...

the protection of households against catastrophic medical payment always has been one of the most important objectives in any health care system. this study assessed the performance of iranian health insurance schemes in protection the patients against catastrophic medical payment. this is an analytical study which performed in a cross sectional design on 400 patients that hospitalized in selec...

Despite that existence of variety of electronic payment systems is among critical success factors of ecommerce, it is surprising to note that few studies were carried about the preferences of customers to these alternatives. This study evaluates the degree of current use, satisfaction, intention to adopt and perceived obstacles toward existing electronic payment systems. Data were collected fro...