The role of the nucleus basalis prosencephali (Bas), a frontal forebrain structure peculiar to birds, in the control of forage pecking and apomorphine-induced pecking was investigated. In a quasi-natural grit-grain selection task bilateral coagulations of the Bas and the associated neostratum frontolaterale (Nfl) caused a marked fall in grain per peck uptake and a simultaneous increase in grit ...

The pecking and peeping behavior of isolate, pairand group-reared chicks tested singly with and without mirrors were studied during 2-hr tests. Results supported the hypothesis that the social facilitation of pecking is disrupted by test novelty (discrepancy between testing and rearing conditions). Mirror exposure resulted in the greatest enhancement of pecking and least peeping in pair-reared ...

This paper researches the determinants of financing decisions of extreme growth companies. For this purpose, we use a longitudinal dataset, free of survivorship bias, covering the financing events of extreme growth companies for up to eight years. Results are generally consistent with the extended pecking order theory. Profitable companies are more likely to use internal finance, while they hav...

Two separate strands of the literature on capital structure under asymmetric information consider the relationship between a firm's financial leverage and cash flow. Signalling theory suggests a positive relationship, while pecking order behavior implies a negative relationship. These contrasting theoretical implications appear contradictory. However, both are supported in different bodies of e...

Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at remarkably high decelerations (on the order of 10 000m s 2 or 1000 g). In this paper, I re-examine previous studies of pecking and scaling effects in brain injury. I find that there are three keys to woodpeckers’ ability to withstand high decelerations: their small size, which reduces the stress on the brain for a given acceleration; the ...

Article history: Received 6 March 2012 Received in revised form 30 May 2013 Accepted 4 June 2013 Available online 11 June 2013 We suggest that the limited access to the public debt market is a reason for the violations of pecking order behavior documented in literature. We show that as information asymmetry increases, two effects take place. On the one hand, firms do desire to increase the debt...