This paper determines all arc-transitive pentavalent graphs of order 4pq, where q > p > 5 are primes. The cases p = 1, 2, 3 and p = q is a prime have been treated previously by Hua et al. [Pentavalent symmetric graphs of order 2pq, Discrete Math. 311 (2011), 2259-2267], Hua and Feng [Pentavalent symmetric graphs of order 8p, J. Beijing Jiaotong University 35 (2011), 132-135], Guo et al. [Pentav...

Cancrum oris is the most classical and the most fatal complication of kala-azar. Previous to the introduction of the specific treatment with the antimonials, cancrum oris was the terminal event in a large proportion of cases. The incidence of this fatal complication decreased very considerably with the adoption of the specific treatment with the antimonials during the last twenty-five years or ...

toxicity and drug resistance against pentavalent antimonials, medications of choice in treatment of leishmaniasis for more than 5 decades, have become important subjects globally. this study was a randomized, open labeled trial that was designed to determine efficacy and safety of imod as a novel herbal immunomodulator drug for treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl).twenty healthy mon...

background: pentavalent antimonials are the first line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. unresponsiveness of leishmania spp. to antimonial drugs is a serious problem in some endemic areas. investigations on molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring and managing of the disease. cal-cineurin is an essential protein phosphatase for number of signal trans...

background pentavalent antimonials remain the choice of treatment for leishmaniasis, despite their toxicity, high cost, and difficult administration. as an alternative, morphine may induce the healing process of cutaneous leishmaniasis by its immunoregulatory characteristics. objectives to study the effect of morphine on the wound-healing process of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in a mouse model...

background and purpose: cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is caused by infection with leishmania parasites. standard treatment of cl includes pentavalent antimonials that are currently used in severe cases due to prolonged systemic therapy, high toxicity, complications, low efficacy, and resistance against the drug. therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs or combination therapy for treatment...

abstract pentavalent antimonials, as the 1st choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), have various side effects. also, there are some reports of drug resistance. due to its safety, cryotherapy can be a good alternative or complementary treatment in cl. the aim of this study was to explore the possible systemic immunological mechanisms of cryotherapy besides its local effects in...

BACKGROUND Resistance of Leishmania donovani to pentavalent antimonials, the first-line treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), has become a critical issue worldwide. Second-line and new drugs are also not devoid of limitations. Suitable drug-delivery systems can improve the mode of administration and action of the existing antimonials, thus increasing their clinical life. METHODOLOGY/PRINC...

BACKGROUND Pentavalent antimonial drugs are the most prescribed treatment for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Other drugs have been used with varying success. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of therapeutic interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (January 2009), the Reg...