The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal retailer’s replenishment decisions under two levels of trade credit policy within the economic production quantity (EPQ) framework. We assume that the supplier would offer the retailer a delay period and the retailer also adopts the trade credit policy to stimulate his/her customer demand to develop the retailer’s replenishment model ...

The classical economic production quantity (EPQ) model assumes that items produced are of perfect quality and the production rate is constant. However, production quality depends on the condition of the process. Due to process deterioration or other factors, the production process may shift and produce imperfect quality items. These imperfect quality items sometimes can be reworked and repaired...

A perception experiment was carried out to determine the perceived prosodic boundary strength and the hierarchies of the perceived prosodic boundaries for spontaneous Chinese. The results indicate that perceived prosodic boundaries are highly correlated between intelligible and unintelligible (delexical) utterances, showing that the listeners may judge prosodic boundaries with no reference to s...

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and computer technology, grid corporations have also begun to move towards comprehensive informatization. However, data-based informatization can bring about risk privacy exposure fine-grained information such as electricity consumption data. The modeling data help a more thorough understanding users’ needs their habits, providing better ser...

We study a single-product periodic-review inventory model in which the ordering quantity is either zero or at least a minimum order size+ The ordering cost is a linear function of the ordering quantity, and the demand in different time periods are independent random variables+ The objective is to characterize the inventory policies that minimize the total discounted ordering, holding, and backo...

Economic Fluctuations. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and not those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

In this paper we consider defective products and Taguchi’s cost of poor quality in the economic order quantity (EOQ) model. We assume that the product quality performs a normal distribution function, and the Taguchi’s poor quality cost has been involved. From our analysis, it has been found that the annual profit will be decreased if the poor quality of product and Taguchi’s quality cost are in...

We study a non–cooperative game for joint replenishment by n firms that operate under an EOQ–like setting. Each firm decides whether to replenish independently or to participate in joint replenishment,and how much to contribute to joint ordering costs in case of participation. Joint replenishment cycle time is set by an intermediary as the lowest cycle time that can be financed with the private...

We review historical patterns of economic geography for the United States from the colonial period to the present day. The analysis is framed in terms of two geographic scales: regions and cities. The compelling reason for studying geographic area of two different scales is that models that explain location of economic activities at one scale may not apply to other scales. We consider the proce...