Gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) have recently been harvested; however, the use of GMSCs in periodontal tissue engineering requires further study. The present study established an indirect co‑culture system between rat apical tooth germ‑conditioned medium (APTG‑CM) and GMSCs, in order to determine the effects on periodontal tissue differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Using the l...

This study compared the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured using 3-dimensional (3D) versus conventional 2-dimensional (2D) methods. PDLSCs were in either a 3D culture with non-adhesive plate (Stemfit 3D®) or 2D 6-well plate. Morphology, viability, proliferation ability, and osteogenic differentiation analyzed to characterize differences induced identical by env...