in literary histories written in both iran and the west it has generally be assumed that early modern persian literary works are (technically inferior) copies of western literary works. this has been and is still a claim. almost no academically and scientifically sound works has substantiated this claim. while there is no point in denying a european influence on early modern persian literature,...

since motion verbs of russian language is one of those complex issues in russian language syntax, iranian students who are learning russian language face problems when learning this grammatical category. these problems in learning appear in two stages. a)the stage of learning and understanding the meaning of these verbs in the russian language itself; b) the stage of transition of these verbs f...

This paper exploits the existence of the redundant Arabic extension character, i.e. Kashida. We propose to use pointed letters in Arabic text with a Kashida to hold the secret bit ‘one’ and the un-pointed letters with a Kashida to hold ‘zero’. The method can be classified under secrecy feature coding methods where it hides secret information bits within the letters benefiting from their inherit...

During the final hours of pregnancy, uterine contractions cause the foetus to move through the birth canal and leave the mother's body. Haly Abbas (died 982-994 CE), is believed to be the first writer to explain the role of these contractions. However, this concept had in fact been described in the text titled Bab-e-Borzouyeh, written four centuries earlier by the physician Borzouyeh (Perzoes i...

The present study sets out to conduct a critical investigation into what linguistic strategies are exploited during the translation of English advertising brochures for household appliances into Persian to manipu- late customers to purchase the respective products. In the pursuit of this goal, it seeks to explore the val- ues that have been added to the Persian version of the translated b...

this study was motivated by the researchers’ goal to unfold the quality of the english translations of persian tourism industry texts and discover the most frequent error patterns the iranian non-native translators have committed in such texts. thus, the following research questions were addressed: 1) are the english versions of persian tourist guidebooks and multimedia compact discs provided b...