Toluene is widely used as an industrial solvent and is usually produced in the processes of making gasoline. Inhaled toluene may cause genotoxicity and other adverse health effects. This study aimed to ascertain the relation between blood toluene exposure and genotoxicity, as measured by sister chromatid exchange (SCE), by comparing gasoline station workers to controls. Mean blood toluene and S...

BACKGROUND The age standardized death rate from motor neuron disease (MND) for persons 40-84 years of age in the Australian States of New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland increased dramatically from 1958 to 2013. Nationally, age-specific MND death rates also increased over this time period, but the rate of the rise varied considerably by age-group. The historic use of lead (Pb) additives i...

Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and an important industrial chemical present in both gasoline and motor vehicle emissions. Occupational human exposure to benzene occurs in the petrochemical and petroleum refining industries as well as in gas-station workers, where it can lead to benzene poisoning (BP), but the mechanisms of BP are not completely understood. In Brazil, a signific...

A comprehensive evaluation of the adverse health effects of human exposures to BTX from service station emissions was carried out using BTX exposure data from the scientific literature. The data was grouped into different scenarios based on activity, location and occupation and plotted as Cumulative Probability Distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Haz...

Petrol sniffing (and other forms of inhalant misuse) occur within some Aboriginal communities across Australia. However, there is little documented information about the nature and combination of interventions that are most effective in addressing it. This article reviews published and unpublished literature relevant to petrol sniffing in Australian Aboriginal communities. A range of strategies...

This paper models and analyzes serial production lines with specialists at each station and a single, cross-trained ßoating worker who can work at any station. We formulate Markov decision process models of two and three station production lines in which (1) workers do not collaborate on the same job, (2) two workers can work at the same task/workstation on different jobs at the same time. Our ...

The exposure level and distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi were assessed in the workers' activity areas (station office, bedroom, ticket office and driver's seat) and passengers' activity areas (station precinct, inside the passenger carriage, and platform) of the Seoul metropolitan subway. Among investigated areas, the levels of airborne bacteria and fungi in the worker...

Petrol is the most significant fuel and accounts for the largest consumption share among the various road transport energies. This paper presents different econometric modelling systems to estimate the demand for petrol in the Australian road transport sector, emphasizing the effects of national income and petrol price. Quarterly time series data for Australia over the period 1977-2006 are empl...