introduction:  the  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  define  the  optimal  parameters  for  the  tomographic  reconstruction procedure in a routine single photon emission tomography. the hoffman brain phantom  is modified to evaluate the reconstruction method. the phantom was imaged in a 3 and 2-dimensional  conformation and the results were compared.   materials  and  methods:  the  2d  phant...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to design an anthropomorphic heterogeneous head phantom that can be used for MRI and other electromagnetic applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS An eight compartment, physical anthropomorphic head phantom was developed from a 3T MRI dataset of a healthy male. The designed phantom was successfully built and preliminarily evaluated through an application tha...

introduction accurate estimation of the absorbed dose in radiosensitive organs, located away from the target volume during radiotherapy, is one of the main reasons for the development of reference phantoms. the international commission on radiological protection (icrp) reference phantoms can provide a more realistic view of the human anatomy in comparison with the previously used mathematical p...

We examine cosmological models with generalized phantom energy (GPE). Generalized phantom energy satisfies the supernegative equation of state, but its evolution with the scale factor is generally independent, i.e. not determined by its equation of state. The requirement of general covariance makes the gravitational constant time-dependent. It is found that a large class of distinct GPE models ...

Phantom types are data types with type constraints associated with different cases. Examples of phantom types include typed type representations and typed higher-order abstract syntax trees. These types can be used to support typed generic functions, dynamic typing, and staged compilation in higher-order, statically typed languages such as Haskell or Standard ML. In our system, type constraints...

Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging techniques have become an important role in diagnosing the vascular diseases. Before a clinical trial of the newly developed techniques, it is essential to evaluate them on a phantom. However, there is no existing arterial A Dynamic Arterial Tree Phantom for studies 89 tree phantom that serves for flood flows. To that end, we design a...

Phantom limb pain affects an alarming amount of amputees. Little is known about the true cause of phantom limb pain, making it difficult to establish a standard treatment for it. This literature review looks at the etiology of phantom limb pain as well as the three major forms of treatment for phantom limb pain: pharmacological, invasive, and supportive. These three forms of treatment use diffe...

The present study quantified surface doses on several rectangular phantom setups and on curved surface phantoms for a 6 MV photon field using the Attix parallel-plate chamber and Gafchromic EBT2 film. For the rectangular phantom setups, the surface doses on a homogenous water equivalent phantom and a water equivalent phantom with 60 mm thick lung equivalent material were measured. The measureme...

PURPOSE The emergence of thermal modalities has promoted the use of heat-sensitive phantoms for calibration, measurement, and verification purposes. However, development of durable phantoms with high precision ability to represent the temperature distribution remains a challenge. This study aims to introduce a reusable phantom that provides an accurate assessment of the heated region in various...

A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated limb is still attached to the body and is moving together with other body parts. Phantom limb phenomenon is often described on the basis of the patient's subjective sense, for example as represented using a visual analog scale (VAS). The aim of this study was to propose a novel quantification method for behavioral aspect of phantom limb by psych...