The extraction of xylanase was performed using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on polyethylene glycol (PEG1540) and various salts. Preliminary studies in a batch extractor showed that the highest efficiency, E = 79.63 ± 5.21%, purification factor, PF 1.26 0.25, were obtained with sodium citrate dihydrate-H2O-PEG1540-based ATPS for time 10 min. process optimized experimental Box-Behnken...

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is a intelligence (SI) used to solve problems. Owing its advantages in simplicity, using only few parameters, PSO has become one of the most popular algorithms. However, single structure leads challenges finding appropriate optima, resulting low convergence accuracy. To defects PSO, it necessary increase diversity populations involved as well enha...

Background: Biological effects of extra-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) have lacked a credible mechanism of interaction between MFs and living material. Objectives: To examine the effect of ELF-MFs on cancer cells. Methods: Five cancer cell lines were exposed to ELF-MFs within the range of 0.025-5 microTesla, and the cells were examined for karyotype changes after 6 days. Results: All...

Abstract Background Bacteriocins are generally defined as ribosomally synthesized peptides, which produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that affect the growth of related or unrelated microorganisms. Conventionally, extracted bacteriocins purified precipitation, where ammonium sulphate is added to precipitate out protein from solution. Main text To achieve high purity bacteriocins, a combinatio...

Papain was purified from spray-dried Carica papaya latex using aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). Then it was recovered from PEG phase by in situ immobilization or preparing cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). The Plackett-Burman design and the central composite design (CCD) together with the response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the APTS processes. The highly purified papa...

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene has been universally and successfully utilized as a barcoding gene, mainly because it can be amplified easily, applied across a wide range of taxa, and results can be obtained cheaply and quickly. However, in rare cases, the gene can fail to distinguish between species, particularly when exposed to highly sensitive methods of data an...

Plants assimilate inorganic sulfate into sulfur-containing vital metabolites. ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) is the enzyme catalyzing the key entry step of the sulfate assimilation pathway in both plastids and cytosol in plants. Arabidopsis thaliana has four ATPS genes (ATPS1, -2, -3, and -4) encoding ATPS pre-proteins containing N-terminal transit peptide sequences for plastid targeting, however, the ...

The Italian workers D'Alessandro, Oddo, Comes, and Dardanoni (1949) and D'Alessandro and Dardanoni (1953) described the isolation of four serologically active components of Reiter's treponeme. These contributions represent milestones in the sero-diagnosis of syphilis since they were the initial systematic investigations into the serological components of treponemes. One of the components was co...

OBJECTIVES Declines in cigarette smoking have been accompanied by increases in alternative tobacco product (ATP) use, particularly among youth. This study examines smoking susceptibility and ATP use in a national sample of Canadian youth. METHODS Data from grades 9-12 students who participated in the 2012/2013 Youth Smoking Survey, a nationally generalisable sample of Canadian students (n=27,...

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the gamma-S of nucleoside thiotriphosphates and the non-bridging sulfur of internucleotide phosphorothioate diesters possess sufficient thiol character to form adducts with maleimides. Adenosine triphosphate gamma-S (ATPS) and thymidyl-PS-thymidine (TPST) were each reacted with the reporter molecule N-1 pyrene maleimide (PM) and the fluorescenc...