in the present article, the author has tried to describe ghazali's arguments and claims to oppose philosophers and philosophy in brief; for, it goes without saying that he is one of the most serious and stubborn opponents of philosophy and philosophers in all historical eras. in this concern, many points have been posed; but we are better to judge based of words of ghazali and first-order ...

In his recent book on the rise of modernity, Jonathan Israel argues that philosophers and philosophical ideas played a significant role in the transformation of opinions and attitudes across early modern Europe. In the seventeenth century, Cartesian philosophy in particular was at the forefront of the formation of modern concepts and institutions. Many aspects of Cartesianism are now seen as ty...

‘Quantum Gravity’ does not denote any existing theory: the field of quantum gravity is very much a ‘work in progress’. As you will see in this chapter, there are multiple lines of attack each with the same core goal: to find a theory that unifies, in some sense, general relativity (Einstein’s classical field theory of gravitation) and quantum field theory (the theoretical framework through whic...

This chapter explores points of contact between philosophy of mind and scientific approaches to spontaneous thought. While offering a series of conceptual instruments that might prove helpful for researchers on the empirical research frontier, it begins by asking what the explanandum for theories of mind wandering is, how one can conceptually individuate single occurrences of this specific targ...

Biased by over seventy years of acquired preconceptions, I will discuss mainly PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATES, with occasional references to CONSCIOUSNESS LOST AND FOUND. The bottom line is that the neuroscience oriented reader is more likely to benefit from LOST AND FOUND than from DEBATES. DEBATES is a profusely footnoted tome.[McGinn's chapter 33 has a text of 11 pages and three (repeat,three) pages ...

One of the major challenges in the provision of distributed systems is the accomodation of evolutionary change. This may involve modifications or extensions to the system which were not envisaged at design time. Furthermore, in many application domains there is a requirement that the system accomodate such change dynamically, without stopping or disturbing the operation of those parts of the sy...

3 Review of Place/Transition Nets 8 3.1 “Dining Philosophers” as PT Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2 Place/Transition Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.3 Marking Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.4 A “Dining Philosophers” Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.5 Occurence Nets and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

What does philosophy contribute to cognitive science? This question is addressed indirectly, by describing some of the many roles philosophers play. These include Pioneer, Building Inspector, Zen Monk, Cartographer, Archivist, Cheerleader and Gadfly. As a preparatory exercise, philosophers are characterized in terms of their primary methods: argument, conceptual analysis, and historical perspec...